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      • Record: found
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      Simultane Bestimmung von Dapson, Monoacetyldapson und Pyrimethamin mittels Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) im Blutplasma HIV-seropositiver Patienten

      1 ,
      , Prof. Dr. med. (Referee)
      Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität
      Medizin, Medizin, YD 8400

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          Abstract

          Eine HPLC-Methode zur simultanen Bestimmung des Sulfons Dapson, dem Hauptmetabolit Monoacetyldapson und dem Dihydrofolsäurereduktasehemmer Pyrimethamin wurde entwickelt. Als Probenaufbereitung konnte eine Festphasen-extraktion mit C18-Röhrchen etabliert werden. Konsekutiv wurden die Parameter der HPLC systematisch variiert und optimiert. Die chromatographische Trennung erfolgte als Gradientenelution mit Methanol, Acetonitril und 5,0 mmol/l Hexansulfonsäure als mobile Phase. Sulfadimethoxin kam als interner Standard zum Einsatz. Als optimale Detektionswellenlängen wurden 295 nm (DDS, MADDS, IS) und 210 nm (PYR) ermittelt. Die gesamte analytische Methode zeichnet sich durch einen effizienten Probendurchsatz sowie eine hohe Spezifität, Sensibilität und Präzision aus (Eljaschewitsch E; Padberg J; Schürmann D; Ruf B 11/1996). Zur Prophylaxe der bei HIV-infizierten Patienten häufigen opportunistischen Infektionen Pneumocystis carinii-Pneumonie und Toxoplasma gondii-Enzephalitis wurden 100 mg Dapson, 25 mg Pyrimethamin und 15 mg Folinsäure zweimal pro Woche gegeben. Die steady-state Plasmaspiegel von DDS, MADDS und PYR wurden aus 224 Blutproben von 31 HIV-seropositiven Patienten bestimmt. Die medianen Plasmakonzentrationen der als compliant klassifizierten Patienten erreichten 1162 ng/ml für DDS und 331 ng/ml für PYR am Einnahmetag. Die medianen Talspiegel vor der nächsten Tabletteneinnahme lagen bei 136 ng/ml für DDS und 230 ng/ml für PYR. Insgesamt zeigten die Plasmakonzentrationen der HIV-seropositiven Patienten eine Übereinstimmung mit den pharmakokinetischen Daten gesunder Probanden. Lediglich absolute Höhe der Dapsonspiegel war vergleichsweise niedrig. Aus dem MADDS/DDS-Quotienten konnte der individuelle Acetyliererphänotyp der Patienten ermittelt werden. Die Verteilung in 58,6% langsame und 41,4% schnelle Acetylierer entspricht der Häufigkeit in der Normalbevölkerung weißer Hautfarbe. In der als non-compliant klassifizierten Gruppe erkrankte ein Patient an zerebraler Toxoplasmose. Bei den als compliant eingestuften Patienten hingegen trat keine Toxoplasma gondii-Enzephalitis auf. Die Prophylaxe der Pneumocystis carinii-Pneumonie versagte jedoch bei einem als compliant bestimmten Patienten. Die gut dokumentierten Plasmaspiegel von DDS und PYR lagen bei dem betreffenden Patienten kontinuierlich in einem hohen Bereich.

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          Most cited references25

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          A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group.

          We evaluated the effectiveness of three treatment strategies for the prevention of a first episode of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In an open-label trial, 843 patients with HIV infection and fewer than 200 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter received zidovudine plus one of three randomly assigned prophylactic agents, beginning with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone, or aerosolized pentamidine and followed by a defined sequence of other drugs to be used in cases of intolerance. The estimated 36-month cumulative risks of P. carinii pneumonia were 18 percent, 17 percent, and 21 percent in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone, and aerosolized-pentamidine groups, respectively (P = 0.22). The difference in risk among treatment strategies was negligible in patients entering the study with 100 or more CD4+ lymphocytes per cubic millimeter. In those entering with fewer than 100 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter, the risk was 33 percent with aerosolized pentamidine, as compared with 19 percent with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 22 percent with dapsone (P = 0.04). The lowest failure rates occurred in patients receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and failures were more common with 50 mg of dapsone than with 100 mg. Toxoplasmosis developed in less than 3 percent of patients. Of the patients assigned to the two systemic therapies, only 23 percent were receiving their assigned drug and dose when they completed the study. The median survival was approximately 39 months in all three groups, and the mortality attributable to P. carinii pneumonia was only 1 percent. In patients with advanced HIV infection, the three treatment strategies we examined have similar effectiveness in preventing P. carinii pneumonia. Strategies that start with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with high-dose dapsone, rather than aerosolized pentamidine, are superior in patients with fewer than 100 CD4+ lymphocytes per cubic millimeter.
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            Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS.

            The safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were evaluated. Sixty patients with a new diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and no history of opportunistic infections were randomly assigned to receive 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg of trimethoprim twice per day or no therapy. None of the 30 patients receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim developed P carinii pneumonia. Sixteen of the 30 patients receiving no suppressive therapy developed P carinii pneumonia. Development of P carinii pneumonia was associated with the stage of Kaposi's sarcoma, B subtype disease, and the presence of 0.20 X 10(9)/L (200/mm3) or fewer CD4 cells at study entry. The proportion of patients surviving and the mean length of survival were significantly greater in the treatment group compared with the control group. Adverse reactions occurred in 15 patients (50%).
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              A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens.

              Finding the optimal strategy for Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection can be problematic. Several prophylactic regimens are available, but their relative efficacy and tolerance are not well understood. A meta-analysis overviewed 35 randomized trials comparing different regimens for P carinii prophylaxis directly or with placebo. Analyses were based on intention-to-treat. On-treatment data were also analyzed when available. Regardless of dose, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was almost universally effective for patients who tolerated it. The risk of discontinuing sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim because of side effects decreased by 43% (95% confidence interval, 30% to 54%) if one double-strength tablet was given three times a week instead of daily. For dapsone, among 100 patients given 100 mg daily instead of twice a week for 1 year (primary prophylaxis), seven fewer patients would develop P carinii pneumonia, but 17 more would have significant toxic reactions. Aerosolized pentamidine was well tolerated regardless of the dose used. Prophylaxis failures might be halved if the dose of aerosolized pentamidine were doubled. Compared with aerosolized pentamidine, oral regimens prevented 73% (95% confidence interval, 57% to 82%) of toxoplasmosis events by on-treatment analysis, but only 33% (95% confidence interval, 12% to 50%) by intention-to-treat. No significant difference in mortality was demonstrated between different regimens. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is the superior regimen, and low doses could improve tolerance without losing effectiveness for primary prophylaxis. Low doses of dapsone reduce toxic effects, but at the expense of some loss of efficacy. There are few data on the use of low-dose regimens for secondary prophylaxis. High doses of aerosolized pentamidine may improve the efficacy of this regimen. Aerosolized pentamidine is inadequate for prevention of toxoplasmosis, and strategies that improve the tolerance of oral regimens may increase effectiveness in preventing toxoplasmosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                17 April 1998
                29 July 2002
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Medizinische Fakultät
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:10102
                df5e1f05-f05c-4f22-bcea-992bb3772f11
                History

                Medizin,YD 8400
                Medizin, YD 8400

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