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      Optimizing the treatment of mood disorders in the perinatal period Translated title: Optimizando el tratamiento de los trastornos afectivos en el período perinatal Translated title: Optimisation du traitement des troubles de l'humeur en période périnatale

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          Abstract

          The perinatal period is a time of high risk for women with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders. We discuss treatment considerations for perinatal mood disorders, including unipolar and bipolar depression as well as postpartum psychosis. We further explore the unique issues faced by women and their families across the full trajectory of the perinatal period from preconception planning through pregnancy and following childbirth. Treatment of perinatal mood disorders requires a collaborative care approach between obstetrics practitioners and mental health providers, to ensure that a thoughtful risk : benefit analysis is conducted. It is vital to consider the risks of the underlying illness versus risks of medication exposure during pregnancy or lactation. When considering medication treatment, attention must be paid to prior medication trials that were most efficacious and best tolerated. Lastly, it is important to assess the impact of individual psychosocial stressors and lifestyle factors on treatment response.

          Translated abstract

          El periodo perinatal es un tiempo de alto riesgo para la mujer con trastornos afectivos unipolares o bipolares. Se discuten las consideraciones terapéuticas para los trastornos afectivos perinatales, incluyendo la depresión unipolar y bipolar como también la psicosis postparto. Además se exploran los temas específicos que enfrentan las mujeres y sus familias durante todo el período perinatal desde la planificación de la preconcepción, pasando por el embarazo y hasta el nacimiento. El tratamiento de los trastornos afectivos perinatales durante el embarazo requiere de un manejo integrado entre los obstetras y los profesionales de salud mental, para asegurar que se realice un reflexivo análisis costo beneficio. Es vital considerar los riesgos de la enfermedad subyacente versus los riesgos de la exposición a la medicación durante el embarazo o la lactancia. Cuando se considera un tratamiento medicamentoso se debe prestar atención a los ensayos con fármacos que previamente resultaron más eficaces y mejor tolerados. Por último, es importante evaluar el impacto de los estresores psicosociales individuales y los factores del estilo de vida en la respuesta al tratamiento.

          Translated abstract

          La période périnatale est un moment à haut risque de troubles de l'humeur uni- et bipolaires pour les femmes. Nous examinons le traitement des troubles de l'humeur périnataux, y compris la dépression uni- et bipolaire et la psychose du postpartum. Nous étudions ensuite les problèmes spécifiques rencontrés par les femmes et leurs familles au cours du parcours complet de la période périnatale, de la programmation de la grossesse à la gestation et à l'accouchement. Le traitement des troubles de l'humeur périnataux nécessite une collaboration entre les obstétriciens et les prestataires en santé mentale, pour s'assurer d'une analyse bénéfices/risques attentive. Il est vital de prendre en compte les risques de maladie sous-jacente versus les risques d'exposition au traitement pendant la grossesse ou l'allaitement. S'il faut un traitement médicamenteux, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte les tentatives antérieures au cours desquelles les médicaments étaient plus efficaces et mieux tolérés. Enfin, il est important d'évaluer l'impact des facteurs de stress psychosociaux individuels et les facteurs de style de vie sur la réponse au traitement.

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          The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey.

          Major depression is a frequent and disabling psychiatric disorder in the United States. This report examines the prevalence and risk factor profile of both pure and comorbid major depression according to data from the National Comorbidity Survey. To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in the United States, a national sample of 8,098 persons 15-54 years of age from the 48 conterminous states was surveyed with a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. From the survey data the prevalence of current (30-day) major depression was estimated to be 4.9%, with a relatively higher prevalence in females, young adults, and persons with less than a college education. The prevalence estimate for lifetime major depression was 17.1%, with a similar demographic distribution. Both 30-day and lifetime prevalence estimates were higher than estimates from the earlier Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. When pure major depression was compared with major depression co-occurring with other psychiatric disorders, the risk factor profiles exhibited clear differences. These findings suggest a greater burden of major depression in community-dwelling persons than has been estimated from previous community samples. The risk factor profile showed significant differences between persons with pure and combined major depression.
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            Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum.

            This review examined the available prevalence estimates of suicidality (suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation including thoughts of self harm) in pregnancy and the postpartum. Studies that used defined community or clinic samples were identified through multiple electronic databases and contacts with primary authors. Definitions of and measurement of suicide deaths, intentional self-harming behavior, suicide attempts, and thoughts of death and self-harm were varied and are described with each study. While suicide deaths and attempts are lower during pregnancy and the postpartum than in the general population of women, when deaths do occur, suicides account for up to 20% of postpartum deaths. Self-harm ideation is more common than attempts or deaths, with thoughts of self-harm during pregnancy and the postpartum ranging from 5 to 14%. The risk for suicidality is significantly elevated among depressed women during the perinatal period, and suicide has been found to be the second or leading cause of death in this depressed population.
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              Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study.

              Many women of childbearing potential take antiepileptic drugs, but the cognitive effects of fetal exposure are uncertain. We aimed to assess effects of commonly used antiepileptic drugs on cognitive outcomes in children up to 6 years of age. In this prospective, observational, assessor-masked, multicentre study, we enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate) between October, 1999, and February, 2004, at 25 epilepsy centres in the UK and the USA. Our primary outcome was intelligence quotient (IQ) at 6 years of age (age-6 IQ) in all children, assessed with linear regression adjusted for maternal IQ, antiepileptic drug type, standardised dose, gestational birth age, and use of periconceptional folate. We also assessed multiple cognitive domains and compared findings with outcomes at younger ages. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00021866. We included 305 mothers and 311 children (six twin pairs) in the primary analysis. 224 children completed 6 years of follow-up (6-year-completer sample). Multivariate analysis of all children showed that age-6 IQ was lower after exposure to valproate (mean 97, 95% CI 94-101) than to carbamazepine (105, 102-108; p=0·0015), lamotrigine (108, 105-110; p=0·0003), or phenytoin (108, 104-112; p=0·0006). Children exposed to valproate did poorly on measures of verbal and memory abilities compared with those exposed to the other antiepileptic drugs and on non-verbal and executive functions compared with lamotrigine (but not carbamazepine or phenytoin). High doses of valproate were negatively associated with IQ (r=-0·56, p<0·0001), verbal ability (r=-0·40, p=0·0045), non-verbal ability (r=-0·42, p=0·0028), memory (r=-0·30, p=0·0434), and executive function (r=-0·42, p=0·0004), but other antiepileptic drugs were not. Age-6 IQ correlated with IQs at younger ages, and IQ improved with age for infants exposed to any antiepileptic drug. Compared with a normative sample (173 [93%] of 187 children), right-handedness was less frequent in children in our study overall (185 [86%] of 215; p=0·0404) and in the lamotrigine (59 [83%] of 71; p=0·0287) and valproate (38 [79%] of 40; p=0·0089) groups. Verbal abilities were worse than non-verbal abilities in children in our study overall and in the lamotrigine and valproate groups. Mean IQs were higher in children exposed to periconceptional folate (108, 95% CI 106-111) than they were in unexposed children (101, 98-104; p=0·0009). Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with reduced cognitive abilities across a range of domains at 6 years of age. Reduced right-handedness and verbal (vs non-verbal) abilities might be attributable to changes in cerebral lateralisation induced by exposure to antiepileptic drugs. The positive association of periconceptional folate with IQ is consistent with other recent studies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2015
                June 2015
                : 17
                : 2
                : 207-218
                Affiliations
                UNC Center for Women's Mood Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
                National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.2/smeltzerbrody
                4518703
                26246794
                dfb09ff0-2dc2-4ff9-a3cb-22ddaaaac973
                Copyright: © 2015 Institut la Conférence Hippocrate - Servier Research Group

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                perinatal mood disorder,postpartum depression,postpartum psychosis,bipolar disorder,treatment,pregnancy

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