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      Bio-inspired adhesion control with liquids

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          Summary

          Bio-inspired surfaces enabling wet adhesion management are of significant interest for applications in the field of biomedicine, as components of bionic robots and as wearable devices. In the course of biological evolution, many organisms have evolved wet adhesive surfaces with strong attachment ability. Insects enhance their adhesion on contact substrates using secreted adhesive liquids. Here we discuss concepts of bio-inspired wet adhesion. First, remaining challenges associated with the understanding and the design of biological and artificial wet adhesive systems as well as strategies to supply adhesive liquids to their contact surfaces are reviewed. Then, future directions to construct wet adhesive surfaces with liquids are discussed in detail. Finally, a model of wet adhesion management with liquids is suggested, which might help the design of next-generation bio-inspired wet adhesive surfaces.

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          Environmental science; Biophysics

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          Nature-inspired superwettability systems

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            Bioinspired Interfaces with Superwettability: From Materials to Chemistry.

            Superwettability is a special case of the wetting phenomenon among liquids, gases, and solids. The superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic effect discovered initially has undergone a century of development based on materials science and biomimetics. With the rapid development of research on anti-wetting materials, superoleophobic/superoleophilic surfaces have been fabricated to repel organic liquids besides water. Further studies of underwater superoleophobic/superoleophilic/superaerophobic/superaerophilic materials provide an alternative way to fabricate anti-wetting surfaces rather than lowering the surface energy. Owing to a series of efforts on the studying of extreme wettabilities, a mature superwettability system gradually evolved and has since become a vibrant area of active research, covering topics of superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity, superoleophobicity/superoleophilicity in gas or under liquid, superaerophobicity/superaerophilicity under liquid, and combinations of these states. The kinetic study of the superwettability system includes statics and dynamics, while the studied material structures range from traditional two-dimensional materials to three-dimensional, one-dimensional, and zero-dimensional materials. Furthermore, the wetting liquids range from water to oil, aqueous solutions, and ionic liquids, as well as liquid crystals and other types of liquids. The wetting conditions extend over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and other external fields. With the development of this series of research, many new theories and functional interfacial materials have been fabricated, including self-cleaning textiles, oil/water separation systems, and water collection systems, and some of these have already been applied in industry. Moreover, the study of superwettability has also introduced many new phenomena and principles to the field of interfacial chemistry that display its vast potential in both materials and chemistry. The present Perspective aims to summarize the most recent research on these materials and their interfacial chemistry. An overview of novel materials in superwettability systems and interfacial materials is presented. Specifically, the evolution of superwettable materials will be introduced, and the fundamental rules for building these superwetting materials will be discussed, followed by a summary of recent progress in the application of superwettable materials to alter the behaviors of chemical reactants and products. Specific emphasis is placed on recent strategies that exploit superwettable materials to influence the performance of traditional chemical reactions and their unique contributions to chemistry, including the effective collection of reaction products, unique growth models of precipitates, and a simple strategy for the alignment/assembly of nanoscale building blocks. Finally, a short perspective is provided on the potential for future developments in the field.
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              A Bio-Inspired Swellable Microneedle Adhesive for Mechanical Interlocking with Tissue

              Achieving significant adhesion to soft tissues while minimizing tissue damage poses a considerable clinical challenge. Chemical-based adhesives require tissue-specific reactive chemistry, typically inducing a significant inflammatory response. Staples are fraught with limitations including high-localized tissue stress and increased risk of infection, and nerve and blood vessel damage. Here, inspired by the endoparasite Pomphorhynchus laevis which swells its proboscis to attach to its host’s intestinal wall, we have developed a biphasic microneedle array that mechanically interlocks with tissue through swellable microneedle tips, achieving ~ 3.5 fold increase in adhesion strength compared to staples in skin graft fixation, and removal force of ~ 4.5 N/cm2 from intestinal mucosal tissue. Comprising a poly(styrene)-block-poly(acrylic acid) swellable tip and non-swellable polystyrene core, conical microneedles penetrate tissue with minimal insertion force and depth, yet high adhesion strength in their swollen state. Uniquely, this design provides universal soft tissue adhesion with minimal damage, less traumatic removal, reduced risk of infection and delivery of bioactive therapeutics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                iScience
                iScience
                iScience
                Elsevier
                2589-0042
                04 February 2022
                18 March 2022
                04 February 2022
                : 25
                : 3
                : 103864
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
                [2 ]Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien and CellNanOs, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
                [3 ]Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author ypchen0727@ 123456buaa.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author martin.steinhart@ 123456uni-osnabrueck.de
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author sgorb@ 123456zoologie.uni-kiel.de
                Article
                S2589-0042(22)00134-1 103864
                10.1016/j.isci.2022.103864
                8857475
                dfbfb0ba-4ef3-4bbb-a22f-ea96fd7030e7
                © 2022 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                environmental science,biophysics
                environmental science, biophysics

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