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      Evaluación de potenciales evocados somatosensitivos del nervio tibial en caninos con Distemper Translated title: Assesment of tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs with Distemper

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          Abstract

          Resumen El Distemper Canino es un de las enfermedades infecciosas más importantes que afectan a los caninos en todo el mundo. El virus afecta varios órganos, entre ellos el sistema nervioso. La leucoencefalitis desmielinizante es la forma más frecuente de Distemper neurológico, esta forma comparte similitudes en los cambios neuropatológicos con enfermedades desmielinizantes humanas, como por ejemplo la esclerosis múltiple. Los potenciales evocados somatosensitivos (PESS) pueden brindar información de las lesiones en la conducción nerviosa, tanto por daño axonal como de la mielina. En la esclerosis múltiple, permiten detectar precozmente lesiones que se sospechan a nivel clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si existe alteración en la respuesta de los PESS del nervio tibial en caninos con Distemper. Se registraron a nivel craneal y espinal los PESS obtenidos por estimulación del nervio tibial de caninos con Distemper y caninos sanos. Se demostró un aumento de la latencia de la onda P1 y una disminución de la amplitud N1-P2 en el registro craneal. Así mismo, existió un aumento en la amplitud N2-P2 en los registros espinales. El resultado obtenido puede aportar un diagnóstico precoz dado que, muchas veces los síntomas neurológicos de los pacientes con Distemper aparecen más tardíamente que los síntomas digestivos o respiratorios. Por lo tanto, la realización de estos estudios podrían ser una herramienta para detectar trastornos en la conducción nerviosa central aún subclínicos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Canine Distemper is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting dogs worldwide. The virus affects several organs, including the nervous system. The demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis is the most frequent neurological presentation of Distemper. The neuropathological changes that occur in this presentation are similar to the ones present in human demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) can provide information about axonal and/or myelin lesions. In multiple sclerosis patients, the SSEPs allow the early detection of subclinical lesions. The aim of this study was to determine if there was an alteration in the response of SSEPs of the tibial nerve in canines with Distemper. Cranial and Spinal SSEPs were recorded by means of tibial nerve stimulation in dogs with Distemper and in healthy dogs. There was an increase in the P1 wave latency and a decrease in the N1-P2 amplitude of the cranial SSEPs. Furthermore, an increase in N2-P2 amplitude was observed in the spinal SSEPs. These results showed that the use of SSEPs in dogs with Distemper can be an useful diagnostic tool to detect subclinical central conduction impairment.

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          Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper.

          Canine distemper is a worldwide occurring infectious disease of dogs, caused by a morbillivirus, closely related to measles and rinderpest virus. The natural host range comprises predominantly carnivores. Canine distemper virus (CDV), an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus, infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues. CDV infection of dogs is characterized by a systemic and/or nervous clinical course and viral persistence in selected organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissue. Main manifestations include respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, immunosuppression and demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis (DL). Impaired immune function, associated with depletion of lymphoid organs, consists of a viremia-associated loss of lymphocytes, especially of CD4+ T cells, due to lymphoid cell apoptosis in the early phase. After clearance of the virus from the peripheral blood an assumed diminished antigen presentation and altered lymphocyte maturation cause an ongoing immunosuppression despite repopulation of lymphoid organs. The early phase of DL is a sequel of a direct virus-mediated damage and infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells associated with an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-12 and a lacking response of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. A CD4+-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells contribute to myelin loss in the chronic phase. Additionally, up-regulation of interferon-gamma and IL-1 may occur in advanced lesions. Moreover, an altered balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors seems to play a pivotal role for the pathogenesis of DL. Summarized, DL represents a biphasic disease process consisting of an initial direct virus-mediated process and immune-mediated plaque progression. Immunosuppression is due to early virus-mediated lymphocytolysis followed by still poorly understood mechanisms affecting antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation.
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            Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. Part 1: Anatomy and physiology of the intervertebral disc and characteristics of intervertebral disc degeneration.

            Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is common in dogs and can give rise to a number of diseases, such as IVD herniation, cervical spondylomyelopathy, and degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Although there have been many reports and reviews on the clinical aspects of canine IVD disease, few reports have discussed and reviewed the process of IVD degeneration. In this first part of a two-part review, the anatomy, physiology, histopathology, and biochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the healthy and degenerated IVD are described. In Part 2, the aspects of IVD degeneration in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds are discussed in depth. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The clinical role of evoked potentials.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                vet
                Veterinaria (Montevideo)
                Veterinaria (Montev.)
                Sociedad de Medicina Veterinaria del Uruguay (Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay )
                0376-4362
                1688-4809
                June 2019
                : 55
                : 211
                : 21-28
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameDepartamento de Patología y Clínica de Pequeños Animales orgdiv1Unidad de Neurología a.monvero@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1688-48092019000100021
                10.29155/vet.55.211.4
                dfccfd5c-fed2-4fd0-bb5d-e4a28588f682

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 August 2018
                : 13 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Distemper,Somatosensory evoked potentials,demyelination,electrophysiological studies.,potenciales evocados somatosensitivos,desmielinización,estudios electrofisiológicos.

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