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      Inhibitory Effect of Phenolic Extract from Garlic on Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme and Cisplatin induced Lipid Peroxidation – In Vitro

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          Abstract

          Allium sativum have been an important food ingredient in the management or treatment of renal disease. Therefore, this study sought to determine the inhibitory effect of phenolic-rich extract from A. sativum on angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE) activity (key enzyme linked to renal dysfunction) and cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation in rat kidney in vitro. The free phenolics were extracted with 80% acetone, while the bound phenolics were extracted from the alkaline and acid hydrolyzed residue with ethyl acetate. Thereafter, their inhibitory effect on angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE) activity and cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation in rat kidney were determined- in vitro. The results revealed that the free phenolics had significantly higher ( P<0.05) inhibitory effect on ACE activity than the bound phenolics. Furthermore, incubation of rat kidney in presence of 1 mM cisplatin caused a significant increase ( P<0.05) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, however, both extracts inhibited MDA produced in a dose dependent manner. The additive and/or synergistic action of the free and bound phenolics could have contributed to the observed medicinal properties of the spice. Therefore, inhibition of ACE activity and prevention of oxidative stress in the kidney could be some of the possible mechanism by which they exert nephroprotective properties. However, the bound phenolic extracts showed stronger inhibition on ACE activity in vitro.

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          Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids.

          The recent explosion of interest in the bioactivity of the flavonoids of higher plants is due, at least in part, to the potential health benefits of these polyphenolic components of major dietary constituents. This review article discusses the biological properties of the flavonoids and focuses on the relationship between their antioxidant activity, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures. This culminates in a proposed hierarchy of antioxidant activity in the aqueous phase. The cumulative findings concerning structure-antioxidant activity relationships in the lipophilic phase derive from studies on fatty acids, liposomes, and low-density lipoproteins; the factors underlying the influence of the different classes of polyphenols in enhancing their resistance to oxidation are discussed and support the contention that the partition coefficients of the flavonoids as well as their rates of reaction with the relevant radicals define the antioxidant activities in the lipophilic phase.
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            A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants.

            A predominantly plant-based diet reduces the risk for development of several chronic diseases. It is often assumed that antioxidants contribute to this protection, but results from intervention trials with single antioxidants administered as supplements quite consistently do not support any benefit. Because dietary plants contain several hundred different antioxidants, it would be useful to know the total concentration of electron-donating antioxidants (i.e., reductants) in individual items. Such data might be useful in the identification of the most beneficial dietary plants. We have assessed systematically total antioxidants in a variety of dietary plants used worldwide, including various fruits, berries, vegetables, cereals, nuts and pulses. When possible, we analyzed three or more samples of dietary plants from three different geographic regions in the world. Total antioxidants was assessed by the reduction of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) (i.e., the FRAP assay), which occurred rapidly with all reductants with half-reaction reduction potentials above that of Fe(3+)/Fe(2+). The values, therefore, expressed the corresponding concentration of electron-donating antioxidants. Our results demonstrated that there is more than a 1000-fold difference among total antioxidants in various dietary plants. Plants that contain most antioxidants included members of several families, such as Rosaceae (dog rose, sour cherry, blackberry, strawberry, raspberry), Empetraceae (crowberry), Ericaceae (blueberry), Grossulariaceae (black currant), Juglandaceae (walnut), Asteraceae (sunflower seed), Punicaceae (pomegranate) and Zingiberaceae (ginger). In a Norwegian diet, fruits, berries and cereals contributed 43.6%, 27.1% and 11.7%, respectively, of the total intake of plant antioxidants. Vegetables contributed only 8.9%. The systematic analysis presented here will facilitate research into the nutritional role of the combined effect of antioxidants in dietary plants.
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              Spectrophotometric assay and properties of the angiotensin-converting enzyme of rabbit lung.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Biomed Sci
                Int J Biomed Sci
                IJBS
                International Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS
                Master Publishing Group
                1550-9702
                1555-2810
                June 2013
                : 9
                : 2
                : 98-106
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria;
                [2 ] Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, P.M.B. 5454, Nigeria
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Ganiyu Oboh, Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria. E-mail: goboh2001@ 123456yahoo.com .
                Article
                IJBS-9-98
                3708274
                23847460
                dfd3c2ee-ffd6-4914-967c-7777af5b6ffc
                © Ganiyu Oboh et al. Licensee Master Publishing Group

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 March 2013
                : 2 April 2013
                Categories
                Original Article

                allium sativum,angiotensin 1 converting enzyme,cisplatin,malondialdehyde,nephroprotective

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