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      Three new species of soil-inhabiting Trichoderma from southwest China

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Fungi in the genus Trichoderma are widely distributed in China, including in Yunnan province. In this study, we report three new soil-inhabiting species in Trichoderma , named as T. kunmingense , T. speciosum and T. zeloharzianum . Their colony and mycelial morphology, including features of asexual states, were described. For each species, their DNA sequences were obtained from three loci, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA, the translation elongation factor 1-α encoding gene (tef1) and the gene encoding the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit (rpb2). Our analyses indicated that the three new species showed consistent divergence amongst each other and from other known and closely related species. Amongst the three, T. speciosum and T. kunmingense belong to the Viride Clade. Specifically, T. speciosum is related to three species – T. hispanicum , T. samuelsii and T. junci and is characterised by tree-like conidiophores, generally paired branches, curved terminal branches, spindly to fusiform phialides and subglobose to globose conidia. In contrast, T. kunmingense morphologically resembles T. asperellum and T. yunnanense and is distinguished by its pyramidal conidiophores, ampulliform to tapered phialides, discrete branches and ovoidal, occasionally ellipsoid, smooth-walled conidia. The third new species, T. zeloharzianum , is a new member of the Harzianum Clade and is closely associated with T. harzianum , T. lixii and T. simmonsii but distinguished from them by having smaller, subglobose to globose, thin-walled conidia.

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          Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma

          Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are soilborne, green-spored ascomycetes that can be found all over the world. They have been studied with respect to various characteristics and applications and are known as successful colonizers of their habitats, efficiently fighting their competitors. Once established, they launch their potent degradative machinery for decomposition of the often heterogeneous substrate at hand. Therefore, distribution and phylogeny, defense mechanisms, beneficial as well as deleterious interaction with hosts, enzyme production and secretion, sexual development, and response to environmental conditions such as nutrients and light have been studied in great detail with many species of this genus, thus rendering Trichoderma one of the best studied fungi with the genome of three species currently available. Efficient biocontrol strains of the genus are being developed as promising biological fungicides, and their weaponry for this function also includes secondary metabolites with potential applications as novel antibiotics. The cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei, the biotechnological workhorse of the genus, are important industrial products, especially with respect to production of second generation biofuels from cellulosic waste. Genetic engineering not only led to significant improvements in industrial processes but also to intriguing insights into the biology of these fungi and is now complemented by the availability of a sexual cycle in T. reesei/Hypocrea jecorina, which significantly facilitates both industrial and basic research. This review aims to give a broad overview on the qualities and versatility of the best studied Trichoderma species and to highlight intriguing findings as well as promising applications.
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            Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control

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              Systematics of the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and the re-identification of commercial biocontrol strains.

              Trichoderma harzianum is known as a cosmopolitan, ubiquitous species associated with a wide variety of substrates. It is possibly the most commonly used name in agricultural applications involving Trichoderma, including biological control of plant diseases. While various studies have suggested that T. harzianum is a species complex, only a few cryptic species are named. In the present study the taxonomy of the T. harzianum species complex is revised to include at least 14 species. Previously named species included in the complex are T. guizhouense, T. harzianum, and T. inhamatum. Two new combinations are proposed, T. lentiforme and T. lixii. Nine species are described as new, T. afarasin, T. afroharzianum, T. atrobrunneum, T. camerunense, T. endophyticum, T. neotropicale, T. pyramidale, T. rifaii and T. simmonsii. We isolated Trichoderma cultures from four commercial biocontrol products reported to contain T. harzianum. None of the biocontrol strains were identified as T. harzianum s. str. In addition, the widely applied culture 'T. harzianum T22' was determined to be T. afroharzianum. Some species in the T. harzianum complex appear to be exclusively endophytic, while others were only isolated from soil. Sexual states are rare. Descriptions and illustrations are provided. A secondary barcode, nuc translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) is needed to identify species in this complex.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                MycoKeys
                MycoKeys
                MycoKeys
                MycoKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-4057
                1314-4049
                2018
                14 December 2018
                : 44
                : 63-80
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, No. 2 North, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, P. R. China
                [2 ] Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, P. R. China
                [3 ] Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: ZeFen Yu ( zfyuqm@ 123456hotmail.com )

                Academic editor: C. Gueidan

                Article
                10.3897/mycokeys.44.30295
                6303281
                e000bb98-58a9-4833-949a-fb077b65d497
                Min Qiao, Xing Du, Zhe Zhang, JianPing Xu, ZeFen Yu

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 October 2018
                : 24 November 2018
                Categories
                Research Article
                Anamorphic Fungi
                Ascomycota
                Taxonomy
                Asia

                rhizospheric fungi,diversity, hypocreales ,taxonomy,fungi,hypocreales,hypocreaceae

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