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      The complete mitochondrial genome of Microhyla butleri (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)

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      Author(s): a , b , a , a
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Publication date (Electronic, collection):
      Journal: Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
      Publisher: Taylor & Francis
      Keywords: Microhylidae, Microhyla butleri, mitochondrial genome

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          Abstract

          The complete mitochondrial genome was determined from a Microhyla butleri, Microhylidae, Microhyla, which was collected from Shenzhen, China. The mitogenome was 16 714 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region (D-loop). The base composition was 28.7% A, 29.5% T, 27.2% C and 14.6% G. The gene order and contents were identical to most amphibian mitogenome. Except ND1 gene beginning with GTG and COI gene beginning with ATA, all other protein-coding genes began with ATG as start codon. Six protein-coding genes ( ND1, COII, ATP6, COIII, ND3 and ND4) ended with incomplete stop codon T. The 22 tRNA genes with the size ranging from 65 bp to 74 bp were interspersed along the whole genome. The D-loop region containing tandem repetition was 1334 bp in length and heavily biased to A + T nucleotides.

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          MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

          Koichiro Tamura, Glen Stecher, Daniel Walter Peterson … (2013)
          We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            Animal mitochondrial genomes.

            J. L. Boore (1999)
            Animal mitochondrial DNA is a small, extrachromosomal genome, typically approximately 16 kb in size. With few exceptions, all animal mitochondrial genomes contain the same 37 genes: two for rRNAs, 13 for proteins and 22 for tRNAs. The products of these genes, along with RNAs and proteins imported from the cytoplasm, endow mitochondria with their own systems for DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing and translation of proteins. The study of these genomes as they function in mitochondrial systems-'mitochondrial genomics'-serves as a model for genome evolution. Furthermore, the comparison of animal mitochondrial gene arrangements has become a very powerful means for inferring ancient evolutionary relationships, since rearrangements appear to be unique, generally rare events that are unlikely to arise independently in separate evolutionary lineages. Complete mitochondrial gene arrangements have been published for 58 chordate species and 29 non-chordate species, and partial arrangements for hundreds of other taxa. This review compares and summarizes these gene arrangements and points out some of the questions that may be addressed by comparing mitochondrial systems.
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              Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians.

              Qin Chen, Peng Zhang, Hui Zhou … (2005)
              Establishing the relationships among modern amphibians (lissamphibians) and their ancient relatives is necessary for our understanding of early tetrapod evolution. However, the phylogeny is still intractable because of the highly specialized anatomy and poor fossil record of lissamphibians. Paleobiologists are still not sure whether lissamphibians are monophyletic or polyphyletic, and which ancient group (temnospondyls or lepospondyls) is most closely related to them. In an attempt to address these problems, eight mitochondrial genomes of living amphibians were determined and compared with previously published amphibian sequences. A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences yields a highly resolved tree congruent with the traditional hypotheses (Batrachia). By using a molecular clock-independent approach for inferring dating information from molecular phylogenies, we present here the first molecular timescale for lissamphibian evolution, which suggests that lissamphibians first emerged about 330 million years ago. By observing the fit between molecular and fossil times, we suggest that the temnospondyl-origin hypothesis for lissamphibians is more credible than other hypotheses. Moreover, under this timescale, the potential geographic origins of the main living amphibian groups are discussed: (i) advanced frogs (neobatrachians) may possess an Africa-India origin; (ii) salamanders may have originated in east Asia; (iii) the tropic forest of the Triassic Pangaea may be the place of origin for the ancient caecilians. An accurate phylogeny with divergence times can be also helpful to direct the search for "missing" fossils, and can benefit comparative studies of amphibian evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mitochondrial DNA B Resour
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mitochondrial DNA B Resour
                Title: Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Electronic): 2380-2359
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 28 March 2016
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2016
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 154-155
                Affiliations
                [a ]Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu, China;
                [b ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
                Author notes
                CONTACT Jianping Jiang Jiangjp@ 123456cib.ac.cn Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu610041, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1144107
                DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1144107
                PMC ID: 7800870
                SO-VID: e0356568-9ccb-4627-a7fd-1db1a2377ede
                Copyright © © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 1, Pages: 2
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Mitogenome Announcement

                Keywords: microhylidae,microhyla butleri,mitochondrial genome
                Data availability:
                Keywords: microhylidae, microhyla butleri, mitochondrial genome

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