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      Genotipos del Virus del Papiloma Humano en citología alterada del cuello uterino Translated title: Genótipos do papilomavírus humano em citologia cervical alterada Translated title: Human Papillomavirus genotypes in altered cervical cytology

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN En Ecuador el cáncer de cuello uterino se ubica en el segundo lugar y, está relacionada a una infección genital persistente por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) de alto riesgo. Objetivo general: determinar la relación entre virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo y las lesiones intraepiteliales del cuello uterino, en mujeres de 21 a 65 años en tres cantones de la provincia de El Oro, periodo 2019. Se trata de un estudio de tipo descriptivo relacional de corte transversal. Se realizó el estudio en 109 mujeres que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Para la relación de las variables se utilizó los estadísticos del Chi cuadrado (con valor de p < 0.05). Los resultados observados fueron que, el 77, 06% de las participantes estuvo en la edad ≥ 30 años; el 77,98% inicio su vida sexual antes de los 20 años y, la edad del parto en el 77,06% fue antes de los 25 años. La prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales del cuello uterino fue del 18,37%, de estas el 16,13% se debieron al virus papiloma humano de alto riesgo; sin embargo, esta relación no fue significativa (p > 0,05) y, la lesión más frecuente fue el de células escamosas atípicas de importancia no determinada. Se concluye que las lesiones intraepiteliales fueron más frecuentes que las reportadas en la literatura como general, y los genotipos 39, 16, 18 estuvieron presentes en las lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado del cuello uterino.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO O câncer cervical é a segunda principal causa de câncer cervical no Equador e está relacionado à infecção genital persistente por papilomavírus humano de alto risco (HPV). Objetivo geral: determinar a relação entre papilomavírus humano de alto risco e lesões intra-epiteliais do colo uterino em mulheres de 21 a 65 anos de idade em três cantões da província de El Oro, período 2019. Este é um estudo descritivo, transversal e relacional. O estudo foi conduzido em 109 mulheres que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão. As estatísticas qui-quadradas (com valor p < 0,05) foram usadas para relacionar as variáveis. Os resultados observados foram que 77,06% das participantes tinham ≥ 30 anos de idade; 77,98% começaram sua vida sexual antes dos 20 anos de idade e 77,06% das mulheres deram à luz antes dos 25 anos de idade. A prevalência de lesões intra-epiteliais cervicais foi de 18,37%, das quais 16,13% foram devidas ao papilomavírus humano de alto risco; entretanto, esta relação não foi significativa (p > 0,05) e a lesão mais freqüente foi a célula escamosa atípica de importância indeterminada. Conclui-se que as lesões intra-epiteliais eram mais freqüentes do que as relatadas na literatura em geral, e os genótipos 39, 16, 18 estavam presentes em lesões intra-epiteliais de baixo grau do colo uterino.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT In Ecuador, cervical cancer is in second place and is related to persistent genital infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). General objective: to determine the relationship between high-risk human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial lesions in women aged 21 to 65 years in three cantons of the province of El Oro, period 2019. This is a descriptive relational cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in 109 women who met the inclusion criteria. Chi-square statistics (with p value < 0.05) were used for the relationship of the variables. The results observed were that 77.06% of the participants were aged ≥ 30 years; 77.98% began their sexual life before the age of 20 years and the age of delivery in 77.06% was before the age of 25 years. The prevalence of intraepithelial lesions of the cervix was 18.37%, of which 16.13% were due to high-risk human papillomavirus; however, this relationship was not significant (p > 0.05) and the most frequent lesion was atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance. It is concluded that intraepithelial lesions were more frequent than those reported in the literature in general, and genotypes 39, 16, 18 were present in low-grade intraepithelial lesions of the cervix.

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          Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening, and Vaccination—Review of Current Perspectives

          Viral infections contribute as a cause of 15–20% of all human cancers. Infection by oncogenic viruses can promote different stages of carcinogenesis. Among many types of HPV, around 15 are linked to cancer. In spite of effective screening methods, cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem. There are wide differences in cervical cancer incidence and mortality by geographic region. In addition, the age-specific HPV prevalence varies widely across different populations and showed two peaks of HPV positivity in younger and older women. There have been many studies worldwide on the epidemiology of HPV infection and oncogenic properties due to different HPV genotypes. However, there are still many countries where the population-based prevalence has not yet been identified. Moreover, cervical cancer screening strategies are different between countries. Organized cervical screening programs are potentially more effective than opportunistic screening programs. Nevertheless, screening programs have consistently been associated with a reduction in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Developed countries have achieved such reduced incidence and mortality from cervical cancer over the past 40 years. This is largely due to the implementation of organized cytological screening and vaccination programs. HPV vaccines are very effective at preventing infection and diseases related to the vaccine-specific genotypes in women with no evidence of past or current HPV infection. In spite of the successful implementation of the HPV vaccination program in many countries all over the world, problems related to HPV prevention and treatment of the related diseases will continue to persist in developing and underdeveloped countries.
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            Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer

            Cervical cancer is by far the most common HPV-related disease. About 99.7% of cervical cancer cases are caused by persistent genital high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Worldwide, cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women with an estimated 528,000 new cases reported in 2012. Most HPV infections clear spontaneously but persistent infection with the oncogenic or high-risk types may cause cancer of the oropharynx and anogenital regions. The virus usually infects the mucocutaneous epithelium and produces viral particles in matured epithelial cells and then causes a disruption in normal cell-cycle control and the promotion of uncontrolled cell division leading to the accumulation of genetic damage. There are currently two effective prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection, and these comprise of HPV types 16 and 18, and HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 virus-like particles. HPV testing in the secondary prevention of cervical cancer is clinically valuable in triaging low-grade cytological abnormalities and is also more sensitive than cytology as a primary screening. If these prevention strategies can be implemented in both developed and developing countries, many thousands of lives could be saved.
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              Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review

              Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, which were introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. In this review, we present the updated information about current HPV vaccines, focusing on vaccine coverage and efficacy. In addition, pan-gender vaccination and current clinical trials are also discussed. Currently, more efforts should be put into increasing the vaccine’s coverage, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Provision of education on HPV and vaccination is one of the most important methods to achieve this. Vaccines that target HPV types not included in current vaccines are the next stage in vaccine development. In the future, all HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancer, and anal cancer, should be tracked and evaluated, especially in countries that have introduced pan-gender vaccination programs. Therapeutic vaccines, in combination with other cancer treatments, should continue to be investigated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                vrs
                Vive Revista de Salud
                Vive Rev. Salud
                CET-BOLIVIA (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                2664-3243
                August 2022
                : 5
                : 14
                : 565-572
                Affiliations
                [1] Cuenca Azuay orgnameUniversidad Católica de Cuenca Ecuador
                Article
                S2664-32432022000200565 S2664-3243(22)00501400565
                10.33996/revistavive.v5i14.169
                e0538e44-5e1c-47f9-b2bf-6e205e4307bb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 June 2022
                : 04 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia


                Genotipo,Papillomavirus Humano 16,Citología,Genotype,Human Papillomavirus 16,Cytology,Genotipagem,Papilomavírus humano 16,Citologia

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