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      Glycobiology Aspects of the Periodontal Pathogen Tannerella forsythia

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          Abstract

          Glycobiology is important for the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia, affecting the bacterium’s cellular integrity, its life-style, and virulence potential . The bacterium possesses a unique Gram-negative cell envelope with a glycosylated surface (S-) layer as outermost decoration that is proposed to be anchored via a rough lipopolysaccharide. The S-layer glycan has the structure 4‑Me O-b-Man pNAcCONH 2-(1→3)-[Pse5Am7Gc-(2→4)-]-b-Man pNAcA-(1→4)-[4-Me O-a-Gal p-(1→2)-]-a-Fuc p-(1→4)-[-a-Xyl p-(1→3)-]-b-Glc pA-(1→3)-[-b-Dig p-(1→2)-]-a-Gal p and is linked to distinct serine and threonine residues within the D(S/T)(A/I/L/M/T/V) amino acid motif. Also several other Tannerella proteins are modified with the S‑layer oligosaccharide, indicating the presence of a general O‑glycosylation system. Protein O‑glycosylation impacts the life-style of T. forsythia since truncated S-layer glycans present in a defined mutant favor biofilm formation. While the S‑layer has also been shown to be a virulence factor and to delay the bacterium's recognition by the innate immune system of the host, the contribution of glycosylation to modulating host immunity is currently unraveling. Recently, it was shown that Tannerella surface glycosylation has a role in restraining the Th17-mediated neutrophil infiltration in the gingival tissues. Related to its asaccharolytic physiology, T. forsythia expresses a robust enzymatic repertoire, including several glycosidases, such as sialidases, which are linked to specific growth requirements and are involved in triggering host tissue destruction. This review compiles the current knowledge on the glycobiology of T. forsythia.

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          Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens.

          How can probiotic bacteria transduce their health benefits to the host? Bacterial cell surface macromolecules are key factors in this beneficial microorganism-host crosstalk, as they can interact with host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In this Review, we highlight the documented signalling interactions of the surface molecules of probiotic bacteria (such as long surface appendages, polysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids) with PRRs. Research on host-probiotic interactions can benefit from well-documented host-microorganism studies that span the spectrum from pathogenicity to mutualism. Distinctions and parallels are therefore drawn with the interactions of similar molecules that are presented by gastrointestinal commensals and pathogens.
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            Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis.

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              A study of the bacteria associated with advancing periodontitis in man.

              Samples of apical plaque were taken by means of an anaerobic gas-flushed syringe from 21 sites in eight patients. The samples were anaerobically dispersed, diluted and plated and incubated in an atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2 and 10% CO2 for 7-21 days. All colonies on plates containing 20-50 isolates were picked, repeatedly restreaked, characterized and identified where possible by a probabilistic computer identification program. The sites were divided into four groups on the basis of clinical features. The significance of differences between bacterial populations in the groups was determined by the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, while the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the rank correlation of clinical features of diseases and microbial species. The subgingival microbiota in advanced destructive sites was predominated by Gram-negative rods. The microbiota of two young adult patients with generalized extensive bone loss, extensive clinical inflammation and suppuration was dominated by Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and an organism with characteristics consistent with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The predominant cultivable microbiota in two patients with extensive bone loss but minimal clinical inflammation was predominated by Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss intermedius and Eikenella corrodens in one patient and E. corrodens and a slow growing fusiform-shaped Bacteroides in a second patient. A third group of four patients demonstrated moderate levels of clinical inflammation and evidence of continued bone loss in the last year. Predominant organisms in this group were more heterogeneous and included B. asaccharolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, the "fusiform" Bacteroides and anaerobic vibrios. Sites with minimal disease in the patients revealed higher proportions of Gram-positive organisms including Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus. A positive rank correlation could be detected between clinical inflammation including suppuration and B. asaccharolyticus and a negative rank correlation between inflammation and E. corrodens.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomolecules
                Biomolecules
                biomolecules
                Biomolecules
                MDPI
                2218-273X
                11 October 2012
                December 2012
                : 2
                : 4
                : 467-482
                Affiliations
                Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Email: gerald.posch@ 123456boku.ac.at (G.P.); valentin.friedrich@ 123456boku.ac.at (V.F.); zoe.megson@ 123456boku.ac.at (Z.A.M.); andrea.koerdt@ 123456boku.ac.at (A.K.)
                Author notes
                [†]

                Current Address: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Email: gerhard.sekot@ 123456acib.at (G.S.).

                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: christina.schaeffer@ 123456boku.ac.at (C.S.); Tel.: +43-1-47654-2203; Fax: +43-1-4789112; Email: paul.messner@ 123456boku.ac.at (P.M.); Tel.: +43-1-47654-2202; Fax: +43-1-4789112.
                Article
                biomolecules-02-00467
                10.3390/biom2040467
                4030854
                24970146
                e05c7ae1-d41c-4f99-974d-a6b6a94c9334
                © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 02 September 2012
                : 27 September 2012
                : 29 September 2012
                Categories
                Review

                biofilm,general o-glycosylation system,gram-negative oral pathogen,glycosidases,s-layer glycoproteins,tannerella forsythia,virulence

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