Pro-fibrinolytic potential of the third larval stage of  Ascaris suum  as a possible mechanism facilitating its migration through the host tissues

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Abstract

Background

Ascaris roundworms are the parasitic nematodes responsible for causing human and porcine ascariasis. Whereas A. lumbricoides is the most common soil-transmitted helminth infecting humans in the world, A. suum causes important economic losses in the porcine industry. The latter has been proposed as a model for the study of A. lumbricoides since both species are closely related. The third larval stage of these parasites carries out an intriguing and complex hepatopulmonary route through the bloodstream of its hosts. This allows the interaction between larvae and the physiological mechanisms of the hosts circulatory system, such as the fibrinolytic system. Parasite migration has been widely linked to the activation of this system by pathogens that are able to bind plasminogen and enhance plasmin generation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the interaction between the infective third larval stage of A. suum and the host fibrinolytic system as a model of the host- Ascaris spp. relationships.

Methods

Infective larvae were obtained after incubating and hatching fertile eggs of A. suum in order to extract their cuticle and excretory/secretory antigens. The ability of both extracts to bind and activate plasminogen, as well as promote plasmin generation were assayed by ELISA and western blot. The location of plasminogen binding on the larval surface was revealed by immunofluorescence. The plasminogen-binding proteins from both antigenic extracts were revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and plasminogen-ligand blotting, and identified by mass spectrometry.

Results

Cuticle and excretory/secretory antigens from infective larvae of A. suum were able to bind plasminogen and promote plasmin generation in the presence of plasminogen activators. Plasminogen binding was located on the larval surface. Twelve plasminogen-binding proteins were identified in both antigenic extracts.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, the present results showed for the first time, the pro-fibrinolytic potential of infective larvae of Ascaris spp., which suggests a novel parasite survival mechanism by facilitating the migration through host tissues.

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Gabriela Cesarman-Maus, Katherine A Hajjar (2005)

The molecular mechanisms that finely co-ordinate fibrin formation and fibrinolysis are now well defined. The structure and function of all major fibrinolytic proteins, which include serine proteases, their inhibitors, activators and receptors, have been characterized. Measurements of real time, dynamic molecular interactions during fibrinolysis of whole blood clots can now be carried out in vitro. The development of gene-targeted mice deficient in one or more fibrinolytic protein(s) has demonstrated expected and unexpected roles for these proteins in both intravascular and extravascular settings. In addition, genetic analysis of human deficiency syndromes has revealed specific mutations that result in human disorders that are reflective of either fibrinolytic deficiency or excess. Elucidation of the fine control of fibrinolysis under different physiological and pathological haemostatic states will undoubtedly lead to novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we review the fundamental features of intravascular plasmin generation, and consider the major clinical syndromes resulting from abnormalities in fibrinolysis.

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Aaron R. Jex, Shiping Liu, Bo Li … (2011)

Parasitic diseases have a devastating, long-term impact on human health, welfare and food production worldwide. More than two billion people are infected with geohelminths, including the roundworms Ascaris (common roundworm), Necator and Ancylostoma (hookworms), and Trichuris (whipworm), mainly in developing or impoverished nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In humans, the diseases caused by these parasites result in about 135,000 deaths annually, with a global burden comparable with that of malaria or tuberculosis in disability-adjusted life years. Ascaris alone infects around 1.2 billion people and, in children, causes nutritional deficiency, impaired physical and cognitive development and, in severe cases, death. Ascaris also causes major production losses in pigs owing to reduced growth, failure to thrive and mortality. The Ascaris-swine model makes it possible to study the parasite, its relationship with the host, and ascariasis at the molecular level. To enable such molecular studies, we report the 273 megabase draft genome of Ascaris suum and compare it with other nematode genomes. This genome has low repeat content (4.4%) and encodes about 18,500 protein-coding genes. Notably, the A. suum secretome (about 750 molecules) is rich in peptidases linked to the penetration and degradation of host tissues, and an assemblage of molecules likely to modulate or evade host immune responses. This genome provides a comprehensive resource to the scientific community and underpins the development of new and urgently needed interventions (drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests) against ascariasis and other nematodiases. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

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Ascaris and ascariasis.

Eric Holland, Christina Dold (2011)

Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are widespread parasitic nematodes of humans and pigs respectively. Recent prevalence data suggests that approximately 1.2 billion people are infected. Adult worms exhibit an overdispersed frequency distribution in their hosts and individuals harbouring heavy burdens display associated morbidity. In this review, we describe the parasite, its distribution and measures undertaken to control infection. Copyright © 2010 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Alicia Diosdado: alidm@usal.es

Fernando Simón: fersimon@usal.es

Rodrigo Morchón: rmorgar@usal.es

Javier González-Miguel: javier.gonzalez@irnasa.csic.es

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 20 April 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 203

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.11762.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2180 1817, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , University of Salamanca, ; C/Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain

[2 ]GRID grid.466816.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9279 9454, Laboratory of Parasitology, , Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), ; C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain

[3 ]GRID grid.448878.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, , Sechenov University, ; Malaya Pirogovskaya St. 20-1, Moscow, 119435 Russia

Article

Publisher ID: 4067

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04067-5

PMC ID: 7169012

PubMed ID: 32312291

SO-VID: e07303a1-fc9e-42d9-b972-8871938a6b05

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 21 December 2019

Date accepted : 9 April 2020

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001872, Centre for Industrial Technological Development;

Award ID: IDI-2016414

Award Recipient : Fernando Simón

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: ascaris suum,third-stage larvae,fibrinolytic system,plasminogen,plasmin,larval migration,ascariasis,host-parasite relationships

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: ascaris suum, third-stage larvae, fibrinolytic system, plasminogen, plasmin, larval migration, ascariasis, host-parasite relationships

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Host-Parasite Relationships in Porcine Ascariosis: Anticoagulant Potential of the Third Larval Stage of Ascaris suum as a Possible Survival Mechanism
Authors: Alicia Diosdado, Fernando Simón, Rodrigo Morchón …

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Pro-fibrinolytic potential of the third larval stage of Ascaris suum as a possible mechanism facilitating its migration through the host tissues

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