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      Small Nucleolar RNAs: Insight Into Their Function in Cancer

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          Abstract

          Small nucleolar RNAs (SnoRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs divided into two classes: C/D box snoRNAs and H/ACA box snoRNAs. The canonical function of C/D box and H/ACA box snoRNAs are 2'- O-ribose methylation and pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), respectively. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that snoRNAs are involved in various physiological and pathological cellular processes. Mutations and aberrant expression of snoRNAs have been reported in cell transformation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, indicating that snoRNAs may serve as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets of cancer. Hence, further study of the functions and underlying mechanism of snoRNAs is valuable. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and functions of snoRNAs, as well as the association of snoRNAs in different types of cancers and their potential roles in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

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          Mutant p53 in Cancer: New Functions and Therapeutic Opportunities

          Patricia A.J. Muller, Karen H. Vousden (2014)
          Many different types of cancer show a high incidence of TP53 mutations, leading to the expression of mutant p53 proteins. There is growing evidence that these mutant p53s have both lost wild-type p53 tumor suppressor activity and gained functions that help to contribute to malignant progression. Understanding the functions of mutant p53 will help in the development of new therapeutic approaches that may be useful in a broad range of cancer types.
          Article 0 comments Cited 624 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The p53 Pathway: Origins, Inactivation in Cancer, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.

            Alan R. Fersht, Andreas Joerger (2016)
            Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function have opened up a host of novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in cancer: from the structure-guided design of chemical chaperones to restore the function of conformationally unstable p53 cancer mutants, to the development of potent antagonists of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX and other modulators of the p53 pathway for the treatment of cancers with wild-type p53. Some of these compounds have now moved from proof-of-concept studies into clinical trials, with prospects for further, personalized anticancer medicines. We trace the structural evolution of the p53 pathway, from germ-line surveillance in simple multicellular organisms to its pluripotential role in humans.
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              The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C.

              Shivendra Kishore, Stefan Stamm (2006)
              The Prader-Willi syndrome is a congenital disease that is caused by the loss of paternal gene expression from a maternally imprinted region on chromosome 15. This region contains a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), HBII-52, that exhibits sequence complementarity to the alternatively spliced exon Vb of the serotonin receptor 5-HT(2C)R. We found that HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of 5-HT(2C)R by binding to a silencing element in exon Vb. Prader-Willi syndrome patients do not express HBII-52. They have different 5-HT(2C)R messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms than healthy individuals. Our results show that a snoRNA regulates the processing of an mRNA expressed from a gene located on a different chromosome, and the results indicate that a defect in pre-mRNA processing contributes to the Prader-Willi syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Oncol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Oncol.
                Title: Frontiers in Oncology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2234-943X
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 587
                Affiliations
                Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Cesar Wong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

                Reviewed by: Zexian Liu, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), China; Apollonia Tullo, Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari (IBIOM), Italy

                *Correspondence: Liang Chu liangchu@ 123456tjh.tjmu.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Molecular and Cellular Oncology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00587
                PMC ID: 6629867
                PubMed ID: 31338327
                SO-VID: e0de6dfc-e060-470f-9447-1756cf7da35b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Liang, Wen, Huang, Chen, Zhang and Chu.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 23 February 2019
                Date accepted : 17 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 94, Pages: 9, Words: 7388
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 31301064
                Award ID: 31671348
                Categories
                Subject: Oncology
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: small nucleolar rna,cancer,rrna processing,mrna splicing,sdrna,biomarker,therapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: small nucleolar rna, cancer, rrna processing, mrna splicing, sdrna, biomarker, therapy

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