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      Safety Warning for ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccine in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

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          Abstract

          Vaccines against acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV2) are critical weapons to control the spread of the deadly Coronavirus 2019(COVId-19) virus worldwide. Although these vaccines are generally safe, their widespread use has produced reports of rare complications, including vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VIITT), particularly in connection with ChAdOx1 nCov-19. We have identified three cases of sickle cell disease (SCD) experiencing a severe vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) shortly after the vaccine. Despite being stable for a long time, they had fever with tachycardia, along with a significant rise in WBC, liver enzymes, particularly alkaline phosphate, with a remarkable drop in hemoglobin, and platelets and one of them had probably a fatal TTP like syndrome. Given these findings, physicians and patients should exercise caution when taking this type of vaccine and be aware of these safety concerns.

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          Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination

          Andreas Greinacher, Thomas Thiele, Theodore Warkentin … (2021)
          Background Several cases of unusual thrombotic events and thrombocytopenia have developed after vaccination with the recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the spike protein antigen of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (ChAdOx1 nCov-19, AstraZeneca). More data were needed on the pathogenesis of this unusual clotting disorder. Methods We assessed the clinical and laboratory features of 11 patients in Germany and Austria in whom thrombosis or thrombocytopenia had developed after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19. We used a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect platelet factor 4 (PF4)–heparin antibodies and a modified (PF4-enhanced) platelet-activation test to detect platelet-activating antibodies under various reaction conditions. Included in this testing were samples from patients who had blood samples referred for investigation of vaccine-associated thrombotic events, with 28 testing positive on a screening PF4–heparin immunoassay. Results Of the 11 original patients, 9 were women, with a median age of 36 years (range, 22 to 49). Beginning 5 to 16 days after vaccination, the patients presented with one or more thrombotic events, with the exception of 1 patient, who presented with fatal intracranial hemorrhage. Of the patients with one or more thrombotic events, 9 had cerebral venous thrombosis, 3 had splanchnic-vein thrombosis, 3 had pulmonary embolism, and 4 had other thromboses; of these patients, 6 died. Five patients had disseminated intravascular coagulation. None of the patients had received heparin before symptom onset. All 28 patients who tested positive for antibodies against PF4–heparin tested positive on the platelet-activation assay in the presence of PF4 independent of heparin. Platelet activation was inhibited by high levels of heparin, Fc receptor–blocking monoclonal antibody, and immune globulin (10 mg per milliliter). Additional studies with PF4 or PF4–heparin affinity purified antibodies in 2 patients confirmed PF4-dependent platelet activation. Conclusions Vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 can result in the rare development of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia mediated by platelet-activating antibodies against PF4, which clinically mimics autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. (Funded by the German Research Foundation.)
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            Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination

            Nina Schultz, Ingvild Sørvoll, Annika Michelsen … (2021)
            We report findings in five patients who presented with venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia 7 to 10 days after receiving the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 adenoviral vector vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The patients were health care workers who were 32 to 54 years of age. All the patients had high levels of antibodies to platelet factor 4–polyanion complexes; however, they had had no previous exposure to heparin. Because the five cases occurred in a population of more than 130,000 vaccinated persons, we propose that they represent a rare vaccine-related variant of spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia that we refer to as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.
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              Recommendations for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of VITT against COVID‐19: Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Immunology

              Ishac Nazy, Ulrich J. Sachs, Donald Arnold … (2021)
              Vaccine administration is under way worldwide to combat the current COVID‐19 pandemic. The newly developed vaccines are highly effective with minimal adverse effects. Recently, the AstraZeneca ChadOx1 nCov‐19 vaccine has raised public alarm with concerns regarding the rare, but serious, development of thrombotic events, now known as vaccine‐induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). These thrombotic events appear similar to heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, both clinically and pathologically. In this manuscript, the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Immunology outlines guidelines on how to recognize, diagnose and manage patients with VITT.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
                Title: Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
                ISSN (Electronic): 2035-3006
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 September 2021
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2021059
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Haematology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos, Muscat, Oman
                [2 ]Department of Medicine, Nizwa Hospital, Nizwa, Oman
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Salam Alkindi, BA, MB, BCh, BAO, MSc, FRCP. Professor in Haematology and Consultant Haematologist, Department of Haematology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 35, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman. Tel: +96824141182, Fax: +96824144887. E-mail: sskindi@ 123456squ.edu.om alternate sskindi@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: mjhid-13-1-e2021059
                DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2021.059
                PMC ID: 8425344
                PubMed ID: 34527211
                SO-VID: e0f87841-b5da-46af-9227-964686feaa8e
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2021
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 17 July 2021
                Date accepted : 31 August 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: sars-cov2,chadox1 ncov-19 vaccine,sickle cell disease,vaso-occlusive crisis,vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: sars-cov2, chadox1 ncov-19 vaccine, sickle cell disease, vaso-occlusive crisis, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

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