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      Validity and reliability of the Child Perceptions Questionnaires applied in Brazilian children

      research-article
      1 , 1 , 1 ,
      BMC Oral Health
      BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Background

          The Child Perceptions Questionnaires (CPQ 8–10 and CPQ 11–14) are indicators of child oral health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the self-applied CPQ 8–10 and CPQ 11–14 in Brazilian children, after translations and cultural adaptations in the Brazilian Portuguese language.

          Methods

          Schoolchildren were recruited from general populations for pre-testing (n = 80), validity (n = 210), and test-retest reliability (n = 50) studies. They were also examined for dental caries, gingivitis, fluorosis, and malocclusion.

          Results

          Children with greater dental caries experience in primary dentition had higher impacts on CPQ domains. Girls had higher scores for CPQ 8–10 domains than boys. Mean CPQ 11–14 scores were highest for 11-year-old children and lowest for 14-year-old children. Construct validity was supported by significant associations between the CPQ 8–10 and CPQ 11–14 scores and the global rating of oral health (r = 0.38, r = 0.43) and overall well-being (r = 0.39, r = 0.60), respectively. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.95 for both questionnaires. The test-retest reliabilities of the overall CPQ 8–10 and CPQ 11–14 scores were both excellent (ICC = 0.96, ICC = 0.92).

          Conclusion

          The Brazilian Portuguese version of CPQ 8–10 and CPQ 11–14 was valuable and reliable for use in the Brazilian child population, although discriminant validity was sporadic due to the fact that impacts are mediated by others factors, such personal, social, and environmental variables.

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          Most cited references35

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          Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life. A conceptual model of patient outcomes.

          Our model proposes a taxonomy or classification scheme for different measures of health outcome. We divide these outcomes into five levels: biological and physiological factors, symptoms, functioning, general health perceptions, and overall quality of life. In addition to classifying these outcome measures, we propose specific causal relationships between them that link traditional clinical variables to measures of HRQL. As one moves from left to right in the model, one moves outward from the cell to the individual to the interaction of the individual as a member of society. The concepts at each level are increasingly integrated and increasingly difficult to define and measure. AT each level, there are an increasing number of inputs that cannot be controlled by clinicians or the health care system as it is traditionally defined.
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            Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life.

            Oral-health-related quality of life measures that exist are designed for adults. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the CPQ(11-14), a self-report measure of the impact of oral and oro-facial conditions on 11- to 14-year-old children. An item pool was generated with the use of a literature review and interviews with health professionals, parents, and child patients. The 36 items rated the most frequent and bothersome by 83 children were selected for the CPQ(11-14). Validity testing involved a new sample of 123 children. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subgroup of these children (n = 65). Mean CPQ(11-14) scores were highest for oro-facial (31.4), lower for orthodontic (24.3), and lowest for pedodontic (23.3) patients. There were significant associations between the CPQ(11-14) score and global ratings of oral health (p < 0.05) and overall well-being (p < 0.01). The Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient for the CPQ(11-14) were 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. These results suggest that the CPQ(11-14) is valid and reliable.
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              What do global self-rated health items measure?

              One of the most frequently used health status measures consists of a single item that asks respondents to rate their overall health as excellent, good, fair, or poor. This study identified the conceptual domain that is assessed by this self-rated health measure. Findings from 158 in-depth interviews revealed that the same frame of reference is not used by all respondents in answering this question. Some study participants think about specific health problems when asked to rate their health, whereas others think in terms of either general physical functioning or health behaviors. The data further revealed that the specific referents that are used vary by age. In addition, more tentative findings suggest that the use of specific referents may also vary by education and race. Finally, the results suggest that certain referents may not be related to closed-ended health ratings in predictable ways.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMC Oral Health
                BMC Oral Health
                BioMed Central
                1472-6831
                2009
                18 May 2009
                : 9
                : 13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba SP, Brazil
                Article
                1472-6831-9-13
                10.1186/1472-6831-9-13
                2696414
                19450254
                e113a6be-1ce4-482d-a734-0bf4da9e36ad
                Copyright © 2009 Barbosa et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 7 November 2008
                : 18 May 2009
                Categories
                Research Article

                Dentistry
                Dentistry

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