Vector-Borne Transmission of the Zika Virus Asian Genotype in Europe

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Abstract

Three autochthonous cases of Zika virus occurred in southern France in August 2019. Diagnosis relied on serology and transcription-mediated amplification. Attempts for virus isolation and ZIKV genome RT-PCR detection remained negative. Since the index case was not identified, we addressed the issue of genotyping and geographical origin by performing hemi-nested PCR and sequencing in the Pr gene. Analysis of 16 genotype-specific Single Nucleotides Polymorphisms identified the Asian genotype and suggested a Southeast Asia origin.

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How Did Zika Virus Emerge in the Pacific Islands and Latin America?

John H-O Pettersson, Vegard Eldholm, Stephen J. Seligman … (2016)

ABSTRACT The unexpected emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Pacific Islands and Latin America and its association with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZVS) (which includes microcephaly) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have stimulated wide-ranging research. High densities of susceptible Aedes spp., immunologically naive human populations, global population growth with increased urbanization, and escalation of global transportation of humans and commercial goods carrying vectors and ZIKV undoubtedly enhanced the emergence of ZIKV. However, flavivirus mutations accumulate with time, increasing the likelihood that genetic viral differences are determinants of change in viral phenotype. Based on comparative ZIKV complete genome phylogenetic analyses and temporal estimates, we identify amino acid substitutions that may be associated with increased viral epidemicity, CZVS, and GBS. Reverse genetics, vector competence, and seroepidemiological studies will test our hypothesis that these amino acid substitutions are determinants of epidemic and neurotropic ZIKV emergence.

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Re-visiting the evolution, dispersal and epidemiology of Zika virus in Asia

John H-O Pettersson, Jon Bohlin, Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol … (2018)

Based on serological evidence and viral isolation, Zika virus (ZIKV) has circulated for many years relatively benignly in a sylvatic cycle in Africa and an urban cycle in South East Asia (SEA). With the recent availability of limited but novel Indian ZIKV sequences to add to the plethora of SEA sequences, we traced the phylogenetic history and spatio-temporal dispersal pattern of ZIKV in Asia prior to its explosive emergence in the Pacific region and the Americas. These analyses demonstrated that the introduction and dispersal of ZIKV on the Pacific islands were preceded by an extended period of relatively silent transmission in SEA, enabling the virus to expand geographically and evolve adaptively before its unanticipated introduction to immunologically naive populations on the Pacific islands and in the Americas. Our findings reveal new features of the evolution and dispersal of this intriguing virus and may benefit future disease control strategies.

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Zika virus threshold determines transmission by European Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

Marie Vazeille, Yoann Madec, Laurence Mousson … (2019)

ABSTRACT Since its emergence in Yap Island in 2007, Zika virus (ZIKV) has affected all continents except Europe. Despite the hundreds of cases imported to European countries from ZIKV-infested regions, no local cases have been reported in localities where the ZIKV-competent mosquito Aedes albopictus is well established. Here we analysed the vector competence of European Aedes (aegypti and albopictus) mosquitoes to different genotypes of ZIKV. We demonstrate that Ae. albopictus from France was less susceptible to the Asian ZIKV than to the African ZIKV. Critically we show that effective crossing of anatomical barriers (midgut and salivary glands) after an infectious blood meal depends on a viral load threshold to trigger: (i) viral dissemination from the midgut to infect mosquito internal organs and (ii) viral transmission from the saliva to infect a vertebrate host. A viral load in body ≥4800 viral copies triggered dissemination and ≥12,000 viral copies set out transmission. Only 27.3% and 18.2% of Ae. albopictus Montpellier mosquitoes meet respectively these two criteria. Collectively, these compelling results stress the poor ability of Ae. albopictus to sustain a local transmission of ZIKV in Europe and provide a promising tool to evaluate the risk of ZIKV transmission in future outbreaks.

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Viruses

Journal ID (publisher-id): viruses

Title: Viruses

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915

Publication date (Electronic): 09 March 2020

Publication date Collection: March 2020

Volume: 12

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: 296

Affiliations

[1 ]National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13010 Marseille, France; jessica.d03@ 123456orange.fr (J.D.); cbadaut@ 123456gmail.com (C.B.); gilda.grard@ 123456inserm.fr (G.G.); isabelle.leparcgoffart@ 123456gmail.com (I.L.-G.)

[2 ]Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ–IRD 190–Inserm 1207–IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13010 Marseille, France; geraldine.piorkowski@ 123456inserm.fr (G.P.); laurence.thirion@ 123456ird.fr (L.T.); laetitia.ninove@ 123456ap-hm.fr (L.N.); christine.zandotti@ 123456ap-hm.fr (C.Z.); xavier.de-lamballerie@ 123456univ-amu.fr (X.d.L.)

[3 ]French National Public Health Agency (Santé publique France), 13002 Marseille, France; sandra.giron@ 123456santepubliquefrance.fr

[4 ]Unité de Biothérapies anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France

[5 ]Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; anna-bella.failloux@ 123456pasteur.fr

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: guillaume.durand@ 123456inserm.fr

Author information

Guillaume A. Durand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-9618

Laurence Thirion https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-2944

Anna-Bella Failloux https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-0820

Article

Publisher ID: viruses-12-00296

DOI: 10.3390/v12030296

PMC ID: 7150815

PubMed ID: 32182748

SO-VID: e14dabbb-3e71-4b0a-998b-3de7afdbb6ad

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Vector-Borne Transmission of the Zika Virus Asian Genotype in Europe

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Zika Virus

Most cited references 7

How Did Zika Virus Emerge in the Pacific Islands and Latin America?

Re-visiting the evolution, dispersal and epidemiology of Zika virus in Asia

Zika virus threshold determines transmission by European Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

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