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      Nutritional education knowledge of teachers and nutritionists in four European countries Translated title: Conocimientos sobre educación nutricional de profesores y nutricionistas de cuatro países europeos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: the aim of this study was to examine the perception of professionals from four European countries in charge of teaching Nutrition Education (NE) to children in primary schools or hospitals. Methods: this was achieved through an exploratory study that initiated with two focus groups, one with 5 elementary school teachers and another with 14 nutritionists. From the results of it an online survey was designed and distributed internationally to elementary schools and professional clinics in Spain, Italy, Norway, and Austria. The participants were 75 elementary school teachers and 98 nutritionists. It was measured the level of knowledge of teachers and nutritionists to teach NE, and the level of nutritional knowledge of the children in their respective country. Descriptive statistics were conducted, one-factor ANOVAs to analyze the effect of nationality, and when a significant interaction was found, a post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni adjustment was applied. Results: the results indicated that forty-one percent of the participants considered they have “adequate” theoretical knowledge to teach NE. Only 27 % considered they had “adequate” pedagogical training. A significant effect was found: F(3,168) = 17.37, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.24. Regarding the levels of NE knowledge of children, from lowest to highest, there were Spain, Italy, Austria, and Norway. Also, it was observed that professionals and children from Spain and Italy were more affected with less knowledge and training regarding NE. Conclusions: these results could help governments and educational organizations of the affected countries to take decisions to tackle this problematic.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la percepción de los profesionales de cuatro países europeos encargados de enseñar educación nutricional (EN) a niños de escuelas primarias u hospitales. Métodos: esto se logró a través de un estudio exploratorio que se inició con dos grupos focales, uno con 5 maestros de primaria y otro con 14 nutricionistas. A partir de los resultados del mismo se diseñó una encuesta en línea y se distribuyó internacionalmente a escuelas primarias y clínicas de profesionales en España, Italia, Noruega, y Austria. Los participantes fueron 75 maestros de primaria y 98 nutricionistas. Se midió el nivel de conocimientos de los maestros y nutricionistas para enseñar EN, y el nivel de conocimientos nutricionales de los niños de su respectivo país. Se hicieron análisis descriptivos, ANOVA de un factor para analizar el efecto de la nacionalidad, y cuando se encontró una interacción significativa se aplicó un análisis post-hoc mediante ajuste de Bonferroni. Resultados: los resultados indicaron que el cuarenta y uno por ciento de los participantes consideró tener conocimientos teóricos “adecuados” para enseñar NE. Solo el 27 % consideró tener una formación pedagógica “adecuada”. Se encontró un efecto significativo: F(3,168) = 17.37, p < 0,001, η2p = 0,24. Con respecto a los niveles de conocimiento de NE de los niños en los distintos países, de menor a mayor se clasificaron España, Italia, Austria y Noruega. Asimismo, se observó que los profesionales y los niños de España e Italia se vieron más afectados con menos conocimiento y formación en EN. Conclusiones: estos resultados podrían ayudar a los gobiernos y organizaciones educativas de los países afectados a tomar decisiones para abordar esta problemática.

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          Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

          Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed as well as in developing countries. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. Overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world. Childhood obesity can profoundly affect children's physical health, social, and emotional well-being, and self esteem. It is also associated with poor academic performance and a lower quality of life experienced by the child. Many co-morbid conditions like metabolic, cardiovascular, orthopedic, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, and renal disorders are also seen in association with childhood obesity.
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            Barriers to providing nutrition counseling by physicians: a survey of primary care practitioners.

            R Kushner (1995)
            Previous surveys have shown that there is a disparity between physicians' beliefs about the importance of diet and nutrition in health maintenance and disease prevention and the actual delivery of nutrition counseling. The primary objective of this study was to assess the current attitudes, practice behavior, and barriers to the delivery of nutrition counseling by primary care physicians. A random-sample-mailed questionnaire was sent to 2,250 primary care physicians selected from the AMA masterfile from general practice, internal medicine, and pediatrics, representing self-employed, group, hospital, and HMO practices. Participants were stratified by age, gender, geographical region, and present employment. The main outcome measures were to determine time spent by physicians providing and percentage of patients receiving dietary counseling and to identify barriers to the delivery of nutrition counseling. A 49% response rate (n = 1,103) was obtained. Results are presented for the 1,030 physicians (70% private practice) with complete data. Over two-thirds of physicians provide dietary counseling to 40% or less of patients and spend 5 or fewer min discussing dietary changes. Despite this pattern, nearly three-quarters of respondents feel that dietary counseling is important and is the responsibility of the physician. Ranking of perceived barriers to delivery of dietary counseling were lack of time, patient noncompliance, inadequate teaching materials, lack of counseling, training, lack of knowledge, inadequate reimbursement, and low physician confidence. This survey suggests that multiple barriers exist that prevent the primary care practitioner from providing dietary counseling. A multifaceted approach will be needed to change physician counseling behavior.
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              Prevalence of overweight and obesity in European children below the age of 10.

              There is a lack of common surveillance systems providing comparable figures and temporal trends of the prevalence of overweight (OW), obesity and related risk factors among European preschool and school children. Comparability of available data is limited in terms of sampling design, methodological approaches and quality assurance. The IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health Effects in Children and infantS) study provides one of the largest European data sets of young children based on state-of-the-art methodology. To assess the European distribution of weight status according to different classification systems based on body mass index (BMI) in children (2.0-9.9 years). To describe the prevalence of weight categories by region, sex, age and socioeconomic position. Between 2007 and 2010, 18,745 children from eight European countries participated in an extensive, highly standardised protocol including, among other measures, anthropometric examinations and parental reports on socio-demographic characteristics. The combined prevalence of OW/obesity ranges from more than 40% in southern Europe to less than 10% in northern Europe. Overall, the prevalence of OW was higher in girls (21.1%) as compared with boys (18.6%). The prevalence of OW shows a negative gradient with social position, with some variation of the strength and consistency of this association across Europe. Overall, population groups with low income and/or lower education levels show the highest prevalence of obesity. The use of different reference systems to classify OW results in substantial differences in prevalence estimates and can even reverse the reported difference between boys and girls. There is a higher prevalence of obesity in populations from southern Europe and in population groups with lower education and income levels. Our data confirm the need to develop and reinforce European public health policies to prevent early obesity and to reduce these health inequalities and regional disparities.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2023
                : 40
                : 1
                : 136-143
                Affiliations
                [3] Madrid orgnameInstituto Carlos III orgdiv1CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) España
                [2] Valencia orgnameUniversidad de Valencia orgdiv1Evaluation and Psychological Treatment orgdiv2Department of Personality España
                [1] Valencia orgnameUniversidad Internacional de Valencia orgdiv1Health Sciences Area España
                Article
                S0212-16112023000100018 S0212-1611(23)04000100018
                10.20960/nh.03930
                e16518ce-728f-470d-b90b-b3d5f2135499

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 March 2022
                : 07 October 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Survey,Europa,Nutricionistas,Profesores de escuela,Encuesta,Educación nutricional,Europe,Nutritionists,School teachers,Nutrition education

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