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      Essential Oils and Their Components as Modulators of Antibiotic Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria

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          Abstract

          Gram-negative bacteria cause infections that are difficult to treat due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. This review summarizes the current status of the studies investigating the capacity of essential oils and their components to modulate antibiotic activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Synergistic interactions are particularly discussed with reference to possible mechanisms by which essential oil constituents interact with antibiotics. Special emphasis is given to essential oils and volatile compounds that inhibit efflux pumps, thus reversing drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, indifference and antagonism between essential oils/volatile compounds and conventional antibiotics have also been reported. Overall, this literature review reveals that essential oils and their purified components enhance the efficacy of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria, being promising candidates for the development of new effective formulations against Gram-negative bacteria.

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          Carbapenemases: the versatile beta-lactamases.

          Anne Marie Queenan, Karen Bush (2007)
          Carbapenemases are beta-lactamases with versatile hydrolytic capacities. They have the ability to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Bacteria producing these beta-lactamases may cause serious infections in which the carbapenemase activity renders many beta-lactams ineffective. Carbapenemases are members of the molecular class A, B, and D beta-lactamases. Class A and D enzymes have a serine-based hydrolytic mechanism, while class B enzymes are metallo-beta-lactamases that contain zinc in the active site. The class A carbapenemase group includes members of the SME, IMI, NMC, GES, and KPC families. Of these, the KPC carbapenemases are the most prevalent, found mostly on plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The class D carbapenemases consist of OXA-type beta-lactamases frequently detected in Acinetobacter baumannii. The metallo-beta-lactamases belong to the IMP, VIM, SPM, GIM, and SIM families and have been detected primarily in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, there are increasing numbers of reports worldwide of this group of beta-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae. This review updates the characteristics, epidemiology, and detection of the carbapenemases found in pathogenic bacteria.
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            Essential Oils in Food Preservation: Mode of Action, Synergies, and Interactions with Food Matrix Components

            Morten Hyldgaard, Tina Mygind, Rikke Louise Meyer … (2012)
            Essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. The chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense as they often possess antimicrobial properties. The interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling for more effective preservation strategies. The antibacterial properties of essential oils and their constituents have been documented extensively. Pioneering work has also elucidated the mode of action of a few essential oil constituents, but detailed knowledge about most of the compounds’ mode of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important to predict their effect on different microorganisms, how they interact with food matrix components, and how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds. The main obstacle for using essential oil constituents as food preservatives is that they are most often not potent enough as single components, and they cause negative organoleptic effects when added in sufficient amounts to provide an antimicrobial effect. Exploiting synergies between several compounds has been suggested as a solution to this problem. However, little is known about which interactions lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. Such knowledge could contribute to design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and to understand the interplay between the constituents of crude essential oils. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the antibacterial properties and antibacterial mode of action of essential oils and their constituents, and to identify research avenues that can facilitate implementation of essential oils as natural preservatives in foods.
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              The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria.

              Patrice Nordmann, Gaelle Cuzon, Thierry Naas (2009)
              From early this decade, Enterobacteriaceae that produce Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC) were reported in the USA and subsequently worldwide. These KPC-producing bacteria are predominantly involved in nosocomial and systemic infections; although they are mostly Enterobacteriaceae, they can also be, rarely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. KPC beta lactamases (KPC-1 to KPC-7) confer decreased susceptibility or resistance to virtually all beta lactams. Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem) may thus become inefficient for treating enterobacterial infections with KPC-producing bacteria, which are, in addition, resistant to many other non-beta-lactam molecules, leaving few available therapeutic options. Detection of KPC-producing bacteria may be difficult based on routine antibiotic susceptibility testing. It is therefore crucial to implement efficient infection control measures to limit the spread of these pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lutfun Nahar: Role: Academic Editor
                Norazah Basar: Role: Academic Editor
                Satyajit D. Sarker: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medicines (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medicines (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): medicines
                Title: Medicines
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2305-6320
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2016
                Publication date Collection: September 2016
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 19
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii 16, Iasi 700115, Romania; petruta.aelenei@ 123456fitermanpharma.ro (P.A.); adriana.trifan@ 123456umfiasi.ro (A.T.); bujoralexandra123@ 123456gmail.com (A.B.); anaclara70@ 123456yahoo.com (A.C.A.)
                [2 ]Regulatory Affairs Department, Fiterman Pharma LLC, Pacurari Road 127, Iasi 700544, Romania
                [3 ]Stejarul Biological Research Centre/National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Alexandru cel Bun 6, Piatra Neamt 610004, Romania; elgille9@ 123456yahoo.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ancamiron@ 123456yahoo.com or anca.miron@ 123456umfiasi.ro ; Tel.: +40-232-301-600; Fax: +40-232-211-820
                Article
                Publisher ID: medicines-03-00019
                DOI: 10.3390/medicines3030019
                PMC ID: 5456245
                SO-VID: e16a620f-a691-4357-a08f-617b3cc35000
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 June 2016
                Date accepted : 18 July 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: essential oils,gram-negative bacteria,multidrug-resistance,antibiotics,synergistic interactions
                Data availability:
                Keywords: essential oils, gram-negative bacteria, multidrug-resistance, antibiotics, synergistic interactions

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