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      How do we decide what to do? Resting-state connectivity patterns and components of self-generated thought linked to the development of more concrete personal goals

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          Abstract

          Human cognition is not limited to the available environmental input but can consider realities that are different to the here and now. We describe the cognitive states and neural processes linked to the refinement of descriptions of personal goals. When personal goals became concrete, participants reported greater thoughts about the self and the future during mind-wandering. This pattern was not observed for descriptions of TV programmes. Connectivity analysis of participants who underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed neural traits associated with this pattern. Strong hippocampal connectivity with ventromedial pre-frontal cortex was common to better-specified descriptions of goals and TV programmes, while connectivity between hippocampus and the pre-supplementary motor area was associated with individuals whose goals were initially abstract but became more concrete over the course of the experiment. We conclude that self-generated cognition that arises during the mind-wandering state can allow goals to be refined, and this depends on neural systems anchored in the hippocampus.

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          Most cited references23

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          Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain.

          A rapidly growing number of recent studies show that imagining the future depends on much of the same neural machinery that is needed for remembering the past. These findings have led to the concept of the prospective brain; an idea that a crucial function of the brain is to use stored information to imagine, simulate and predict possible future events. We suggest that processes such as memory can be productively re-conceptualized in light of this idea.
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            A positive-negative mode of population covariation links brain connectivity, demographics and behavior

            We investigated the relationship between individual subjects’ functional connectomes and 280 behavioral and demographic measures, in a single holistic multivariate analysis relating imaging to non-imaging data from 461 subjects in the Human Connectome Project. We identified one strong mode of population co-variation; subjects were predominantly spread along a single “positive-negative” axis, linking lifestyle, demographic and psychometric measures to each other and to a specific pattern of brain connectivity.
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              For whom the mind wanders, and when: an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life.

              An experience-sampling study of 124 undergraduates, pretested on complex memory-span tasks, examined the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and the experience of mind wandering in daily life. Over 7 days, personal digital assistants signaled subjects eight times daily to report immediately whether their thoughts had wandered from their current activity, and to describe their psychological and physical context. WMC moderated the relation between mind wandering and activities' cognitive demand. During challenging activities requiring concentration and effort, higher-WMC subjects maintained on-task thoughts better, and mind-wandered less, than did lower-WMC subjects. The results were therefore consistent with theories of WMC emphasizing the role of executive attention and control processes in determining individual differences and their cognitive consequences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jonny.smallwood@york.ac.uk
                Journal
                Exp Brain Res
                Exp Brain Res
                Experimental Brain Research
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0014-4819
                1432-1106
                21 July 2016
                21 July 2016
                2018
                : 236
                : 9
                : 2469-2481
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9668, GRID grid.5685.e, Department of Psychology, York Neuroimaging Centre, , University of York, ; Heslington, York, UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0041 5028, GRID grid.419524.f, Neuroanatomy and Connectivity Group, , Max Planck Institute for Human and Cognitive Brain Sciences, ; Leipzig, Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, GRID grid.14709.3b, Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Lab, Montreal Neurological Institute, , McGill University, ; Quebec, Canada
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0692 3437, GRID grid.417778.a, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, ; Rome, Italy
                Article
                4729
                10.1007/s00221-016-4729-y
                6096705
                27443852
                e171727c-77f5-47a2-9a50-39066bb4c2c1
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 25 January 2016
                : 12 July 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council;
                Award ID: BB/J006963/1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: John Templeton Foundation (US)
                Award ID: Prospective Psychology Stage 2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Office of Education (US)
                Award ID: R305A110277
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781, European Research Council;
                Award ID: SEMBIND – 283530
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust (GB)
                Award ID: 103817/Z/14/Z
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000034, Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction;
                Award ID: MOP-57840
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CA)
                Award ID: MOP-123520
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Canadian Institute for Health Research
                Award ID: Post doctoral fellowship
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

                Neurosciences
                mind-wandering,goals,future thought,hippocampus
                Neurosciences
                mind-wandering, goals, future thought, hippocampus

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