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      Electroencephalography theta/beta ratio covaries with mind wandering and functional connectivity in the executive control network

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          Abstract

          The ratio between frontal resting‐state electroencephalography (EEG) theta and beta frequency power (theta/beta ratio, TBR) is negatively related to cognitive control. It is unknown which psychological processes during resting state account for this. Increased theta and reduced beta power are observed during mind wandering (MW), and MW is related to decreased connectivity in the executive control network (ECN) and increased connectivity in the default mode network (DMN). The goal of this study was to test if MW‐related fluctuations in TBR covary with such functional variation in ECN and DMN connectivity and if this functional variation is related to resting‐state TBR. Data were analyzed for 26 participants who performed a 40‐min breath‐counting task and reported the occurrence of MW episodes while EEG was measured and again during magnetic resonance imaging. Frontal TBR was higher during MW than controlled thought and this was marginally related to resting‐state TBR. DMN connectivity was higher and ECN connectivity was lower during MW. Greater ECN connectivity during focus than MW was correlated to lower TBR during focus than MW. These results provide the first evidence of the neural correlates of TBR and its functional dynamics and further establish TBR's usefulness for the study of executive control, in normal and potentially abnormal psychology.

          Abstract

          The aim of our current study was to further clarify the relations between resting‐state theta/beta ratio (TBR) and TBR's dynamic relation with states of increased/decreased cognitive control and their neurobiological underpinning in terms of executive control network/default mode network connectivity. We assessed mind wandering and focused attention during EEG and fMRI measurements in the same participants on 2 separate days, exploiting TBR's excellent retest reliability.

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          Most cited references63

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          Inverted-U-shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control.

          Brain dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in cognitive control processes, including working memory. However, the precise role of DA in cognition is not well-understood, partly because there is large variability in the response to dopaminergic drugs both across different behaviors and across different individuals. We review evidence from a series of studies with experimental animals, healthy humans, and patients with Parkinson's disease, which highlight two important factors that contribute to this large variability. First, the existence of an optimum DA level for cognitive function implicates the need to take into account baseline levels of DA when isolating the effects of DA. Second, cognitive control is a multifactorial phenomenon, requiring a dynamic balance between cognitive stability and cognitive flexibility. These distinct components might implicate the prefrontal cortex and the striatum, respectively. Manipulating DA will thus have paradoxical consequences for distinct cognitive control processes, depending on distinct basal or optimal levels of DA in different brain regions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control.

            This study examined the role of self-reported attentional control in regulating attentional biases related to trait anxiety. Simple detection targets were preceded by cues labeling potential target locations as threatening (likely to result in negative feedback) or safe (likely to result in positive feedback). Trait anxious participants showed an early attentional bias favoring the threatening location 250 ms after the cue and a late bias favoring the safe location 500 ms after the cue. The anxiety-related threat bias was moderated by attentional control at the 500-ms delay: Anxious participants with poor attentional control still showed the threat bias, whereas those with good control were better able to shift from the threatening location. Thus, skilled control of voluntary attention may allow anxious persons to limit the impact of threatening information.
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              Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors.

              Stress initiates an intricate response that affects diverse cognitive and affective domains, with the goal of improving survival chances in the light of changing environmental challenges. Here, we bridge animal data at cellular and systems levels with human work on brain-wide networks to propose a framework describing how stress-related neuromodulators trigger dynamic shifts in network balance, enabling an organism to comprehensively reallocate its neural resources according to cognitive demands. We argue that exposure to acute stress prompts a reallocation of resources to a salience network, promoting fear and vigilance, at the cost of an executive control network. After stress subsides, resource allocation to these two networks reverses, which normalizes emotional reactivity and enhances higher-order cognitive processes important for long-term survival. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                danavson@gmail.com
                Journal
                Ann N Y Acad Sci
                Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
                10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632
                NYAS
                Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0077-8923
                1749-6632
                16 July 2019
                September 2019
                : 1452
                : 1 , Annals Reports ( doiID: 10.1111/nyas.v1452.1 )
                : 52-64
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Institute of Psychology Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands
                [ 2 ] Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden the Netherlands
                [ 3 ] Brain and Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology University of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Address for correspondence: Dana van Son, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, the Netherlands. danavson@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-1237
                Article
                NYAS14180
                10.1111/nyas.14180
                6852238
                31310007
                e203573d-2f91-49d9-a672-76f41387fb3d
                © 2019 The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of New York Academy of Sciences

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 22 February 2019
                : 17 May 2019
                : 03 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Pages: 13, Words: 8546
                Funding
                Funded by: Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
                Award ID: #452‐12‐003
                Funded by: Leiden University Fund
                Award ID: CWB # 7518 SV
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Psychology
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                September 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.1 mode:remove_FC converted:13.11.2019

                Uncategorized
                mind wandering,eeg,executive control,default mode network,controlled thought
                Uncategorized
                mind wandering, eeg, executive control, default mode network, controlled thought

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