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      Brazilian guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Official document of the Brazilian Thoracic Association based on the GRADE methodology Translated title: Diretrizes brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico da fibrose pulmonar idiopática. Documento oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia baseado na metodologia GRADE

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      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 6 , 16 , 17 , 3
      Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
      Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
      Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, GRADE approach, Pulmonary fibrosis/drug therapy, Practice guideline, Fibrose pulmonar idiopática, Abordagem GRADE, Fibrose pulmonar/terapia medicamentosa, Guia de prática clínica

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          ABSTRACT

          Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a form of chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause, which predominantly affects elderly men who are current or former smokers. Even though it is an uncommon disease, it is of great importance because of its severity and poor prognosis. In recent decades, several pharmacological treatment modalities have been investigated for the treatment of this disease, and the classic concepts have therefore been revised. The purpose of these guidelines was to define evidence-based recommendations regarding the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of IPF in Brazil. We sought to provide guidance on the practical issues faced by clinicians in their daily lives. Patients of interest, Intervention to be studied, Comparison of intervention and Outcome of interest (PICO)-style questions were formulated to address aspects related to the use of corticosteroids, N-acetylcysteine, gastroesophageal reflux medications, endothelin-receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, pirfenidone, and nintedanib. To formulate the PICO questions, a group of Brazilian specialists working in the area was assembled and an extensive review of the literature on the subject was carried out. Previously published systematic reviews with meta-analyses were analyzed for the strength of the compiled evidence, and, on that basis, recommendations were developed by employing the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The authors believe that the present document represents an important advance to be incorporated in the approach to patients with IPF, aiming mainly to improve its management, and can become an auxiliary tool for defining public policies related to IPF.

          RESUMO

          A fibrose pulmonar idiopática (FPI) é uma forma de pneumopatia intersticial crônica fibrosante de causa desconhecida, que acomete preferencialmente homens idosos, com história atual ou pregressa de tabagismo. Mesmo sendo uma doença incomum, ela assume grande importância devido a sua gravidade e prognóstico reservado. Nas últimas décadas, diversas modalidades terapêuticas farmacológicas foram investigadas para o tratamento dessa doença, de tal modo que conceitos clássicos vêm sendo revisados. O objetivo destas diretrizes foi definir recomendações brasileiras baseadas em evidências em relação ao emprego de agentes farmacológicos no tratamento da FPI. Procurou-se fornecer orientações a questões de ordem prática, enfrentadas pelos clínicos no seu cotidiano. As perguntas PICO (acrônimo baseado em perguntas referentes aos Pacientes de interesse, Intervenção a ser estudada, Comparação da intervenção e Outcome [desfecho] de interesse) abordaram aspectos relativos ao uso de corticosteroides, N-acetilcisteína, tratamento medicamentoso do refluxo gastroesofágico, inibidores dos receptores da endotelina, inibidores da fosfodiesterase-5, pirfenidona e nintedanibe. Para a formulação das perguntas PICO, um grupo de especialistas brasileiros atuantes na área foi reunido, sendo realizada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema. As revisões sistemáticas com meta-análises previamente publicadas foram analisadas quanto à força das evidências compiladas e, a partir daí, foram concebidas recomendações seguindo a metodologia Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Os autores acreditam que o presente documento represente um importante avanço a ser incorporado na abordagem de pacientes com FPI, objetivando principalmente favorecer seu manejo, e pode se tornar uma ferramenta auxiliar na definição de políticas públicas relacionadas à FPI.

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          Most cited references94

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          Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy.

          Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and usually fatal lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling, which result in irreversible distortion of the lung's architecture. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms remain to be determined, the prevailing hypothesis holds that fibrosis is preceded and provoked by a chronic inflammatory process that injures the lung and modulates lung fibrogenesis, leading to the end-stage fibrotic scar. However, there is little evidence that inflammation is prominent in early disease, and it is unclear whether inflammation is relevant to the development of the fibrotic process. Evidence suggests that inflammation does not play a pivotal role. Inflammation is not a prominent histopathologic finding, and epithelial injury in the absence of ongoing inflammation is sufficient to stimulate the development of fibrosis. In addition, the inflammatory response to a lung fibrogenic insult is not necessarily related to the fibrotic response. Clinical measurements of inflammation fail to correlate with stage or outcome, and potent anti-inflammatory therapy does not improve outcome. This review presents a growing body of evidence suggesting that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis involves abnormal wound healing in response to multiple, microscopic sites of ongoing alveolar epithelial injury and activation associated with the formation of patchy fibroblast-myofibroblast foci, which evolve to fibrosis. Progress in understanding the fibrogenic mechanisms in the lung is likely to yield more effective therapies.
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            Efficacy of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

            Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease with a high mortality rate. Because the signaling pathways activated by several tyrosine kinase receptors have been shown to be involved in lung fibrosis, it has been suggested that the inhibition of these receptors may slow the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In a 12-month, phase 2 trial, we assessed the efficacy and safety of four different oral doses of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBF 1120 as compared with placebo in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The primary end point was the annual rate of decline in forced vital capacity (FVC). Secondary end points included acute exacerbations, quality of life (measured with the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]), and total lung capacity. A total of 432 patients underwent randomization to receive one of four doses of BIBF 1120 (50 mg once a day, 50 mg twice a day, 100 mg twice a day, or 150 mg twice a day) or placebo. In the group receiving 150 mg of BIBF 1120 twice a day, FVC declined by 0.06 liters per year, as compared with 0.19 liters per year in the placebo group, a 68.4% reduction in the rate of loss with BIBF 1120 (P = 0.06 with the closed testing procedure for multiplicity correction; P = 0.01 with the hierarchical testing procedure). This dose also resulted in a lower incidence of acute exacerbations, as compared with placebo (2.4 vs. 15.7 per 100 patient-years, P = 0.02) and a small decrease in the SGRQ score (assessed on a scale of 0 to 100, with lower scores indicating better quality of life) as compared with an increase with placebo (-0.66 vs. 5.46, P = 0.007). Gastrointestinal symptoms (which led to more discontinuations in the group receiving 150 mg twice a day than in the placebo group) and increases in levels of liver aminotransferases were more frequent in the group receiving 150 mg of BIBF 1120 twice daily than in the placebo group. In patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, BIBF 1120 at a dose of 150 mg twice daily, as compared with placebo, was associated with a trend toward a reduction in the decline in lung function, with fewer acute exacerbations and preserved quality of life. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00514683 .).
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              Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

              Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease characterised by fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and loss of lung function. Although the pathogenic pathways involved in IPF have not been fully elucidated, IPF is believed to be caused by repetitive alveolar epithelial cell injury and dysregulated repair, in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of lung fibroblasts and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which excessively deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the interstitial space. A number of profibrotic mediators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of IPF. Nintedanib is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF receptor, FGF receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Data from in vitro studies have shown that nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis such as fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, and the secretion of ECM. In addition, nintedanib has shown consistent anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of lung fibrosis. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical efficacy of nintedanib in patients with IPF, which has recently been demonstrated in phase III clinical trials.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                Mar-Apr 2020
                Mar-Apr 2020
                : 46
                : 2
                : e20190423
                Affiliations
                [1 ]. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.
                [2 ]. Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil.
                [3 ]. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil.
                [4 ]. Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Botucatu (SP) Brasil.
                [5 ]. Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília (DF) Brasil.
                [6 ]. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ - Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil.
                [7 ]. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS - Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.
                [8 ]. Hospital Geral Roberto Santos, Salvador (BA) Brasil.
                [9 ]. Instituto de Pesquisa. Hospital do Coração, São Paulo (SP) Brasil.
                [10 ]. Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza (CE) Brasil.
                [11 ]. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil.
                [12 ]. Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia (GO) Brasil.
                [13 ]. Universidade de Brasília - UnB - Brasília (DF) Brasil.
                [14 ]. Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil.
                [15 ]. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.
                [16 ]. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC - Florianópolis (SC) Brasil.
                [17 ]. Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR - Curitiba (PR) Brasil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: José Baddini-Martinez. Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Tel.: 55 16 3602-2531. E-mail: baddini@ 123456fmrp.usp.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8160-5084
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-1384
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2587-2759
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5528-0597
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-7878
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1618-8509
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4183-8542
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6785-0753
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1890
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5861-3681
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7194-0479
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-1331
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-3428
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-875X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-0633
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-646X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-9617
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-1444
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-6045
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5435-8193
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2756-2321
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9609-5117
                Article
                00400
                10.36416/1806-3756/e20190423
                7462709
                32130337
                e20bac2d-1dc0-48d3-abba-088950d9cff0
                © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 20 December 2019
                : 12 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 10, Equations: 0, References: 96
                Categories
                Special Article

                idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,grade approach,pulmonary fibrosis/drug therapy,practice guideline,fibrose pulmonar idiopática,abordagem grade,fibrose pulmonar/terapia medicamentosa,guia de prática clínica

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