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      Pattern of drug therapy problems and interventions in ambulatory patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria Translated title: Patrón de problemas relacionados con medicamentos e intervenciones en pacientes ambulatorios que reciben tratamiento antirretroviral en Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Objectives: We describe the frequency and types of drug therapy problems (DTPs), and interventions carried out to resolve them, among a cohort of HIV- infected patients on ART in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: A prospective pharmacists´ intervention study was conducted between January and August 2012 at the outpatient HIV clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). Pharmacists identified DTPs and made recommendations to resolve them. The main outcome measures were number of DTPs encountered, interventions proposed and acceptance rate of recommendations. Results: A total of 42,416 prescriptions were dispensed to 9339 patients during the eight months study. A total of 420 interventions (Intervention rate of 1 per 100 prescriptions) were made to resolve DTPs in 401 (4.3%) patients with a mean age of 41 (SD=10) years, and made up of 73% females. DTPs encountered were drug omission (n=89, 21.2%), unnecessary drug (n=55, 13.1%) and wrong drug indication (n=55, 13.1%). Recommendations offered included; Addition of another drug to the therapy (n=87, 20.7%), rectification of incomplete prescriptions (n=85, 20.2%), change of drug or dosage (n=67, 16.0%), and discontinuation of the offending drug (n=59, 14.0%). A total of 389 (93%) out of 420 of the recommendations were accepted. In all, 50.4% (212) of the problematic prescriptions were changed and dispensed, 22.2% (89) were clarified and dispensed, while wrong identities were corrected in 11.7% (49). However, 7.5% (30) prescriptions were dispensed as prescribed, 5.2% (21) were not dispensed, and 3% (12) were unresolved. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that pharmacists-initiated interventions can ameliorate DTPs in patients receiving ART given the high intervention acceptance rate recorded. The implication of this finding is that pharmacists with requisite training in HIV pharmacotherapy are an excellent resource in detecting and minimizing the effect of antiretroviral drug-related errors.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivos: Describimos la frecuencia y los tipos de problemas relacionados con medicamentos (DTP) y las intervenciones realizadas para resolverlos en una cohorte de pacientes infectados con HIV a tratamiento con antirretrovirales (ART). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de intervención farmacéutica entre enero y agosto de 2012 en la consulta ambulatoria de HIV del Hospital Universitario de Jos (JUTH). Los farmacéuticos identificaban DTP e hicieron las recomendaciones para resolverlos. Los outcomes principales fueron el número de DTP encontrados, las intervenciones propuestas y la tasa de aceptación de las recomendaciones. Resultados: Se dispensó un total de 42.416 recetas a 9.339 pacientes durante los 8 meses del estudio. Se realizaron un total de 420 intervenciones (tasa de intervención de 1 por 100 recetas) para resolver los DTP de 401 (4,3%) pacientes con una media de edad de 41 (DE=10) años, de los que el 73% eran mujeres. Los DTP encontrados fueron omisión de medicamento (n=89; 21,2%), seguido de medicamento innecesario (n=55; 13,1%) e indicación terapéutica errónea (n=55; 13,1%). Las recomendaciones ofrecidas incluyeron: Adición de otro medicamento al tratamiento (n=87; 20,7%), rectificación de receta incompleta (n=85; 20,2%), cambio de medicamento o dosis (n=67; 16,0%), y discontinuación de medicamento problemático (n=59; 14,0%). Un total e 389 (93%) de las 420recomendacioens fueron aceptadas. En total, el 50,4% (212) de los medicamentos problemáticos fueron cambiados y dispensados, el 22,2% (89) fueron aclarados y dispensados, mientras que se corrigieron identidades erróneas en el 11,7% (49). Sin embargo, el 7,5% de las recetas fueron dispensadas como fueron prescritas, el 5,2% (21) no fue dispensada, y el 3% (12) quedó sin resolver. Conclusión: Nuestro resultados sugieren que las intervenciones farmacéuticas pueden mejorar los DTP en pacientes que reciben ART, dada la alta aceptación registrada. La implicación de este hallazgo es que los farmacéuticos con entrenamiento en terapéutica para HIV son un recurso excelente para detectar y minimizar el efecto de los errores de los antirretrovirales.

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          Drug-related problems: their structure and function.

          In order to better focus the role of the pharmacist on patient need and patient outcome, a means of categorizing drug-related problems (DRPs) is presented. A DRP exists when a patient experiences or is likely to experience either a disease or symptom having an actual or suspected relationship with drug therapy. Eight different categories of DRPs are described and examples of each category are offered. This categorization serves a number of functions, such as: (1) to illustrate how adverse drug reactions form but one category of extant DRPs, (2) to make tangible the pharmacist's role for the future, (3) to serve as a focus for developing a systematic process whereby the pharmacist contributes significantly to the overall positive outcome of patients, (4) to bring to pharmacy practice a vocabulary consistent with that of other healthcare professionals, and (5) to aid in the development of standards of practice for pharmacists.
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            A prospective multicentre study of pharmacist initiated changes to drug therapy and patient management in acute care government funded hospitals.

            To determine the cost savings of pharmacist initiated changes to hospitalized patients' drug therapy or management in eight major acute care government funded teaching hospitals in Australia. This was a prospective study performed in eight hospitals examining resource implications of pharmacists' interventions assessed by an independent clinical panel. Pharmacists providing clinical services to inpatients recorded details of interventions, defined as any action that directly resulted in a change to patient management or therapy. An independent clinical review panel, convened at each participating centre, confirmed or rejected the clinical pharmacist's assessment of the impact on length of stay (LOS), readmission probability, medical procedures and laboratory monitoring and quantified the resultant changes, which were then costed. A total of 1399 interventions were documented. Eight hundred and thirty-five interventions impacted on drug costs alone. Five hundred and eleven interventions were evaluated by the independent panels with three quarters of these confirmed as having an impact on one or more of: length of stay, readmission probability, medical procedures or laboratory monitoring. There were 96 interventions deemed by the independent panels to have reduced LOS and 156 reduced the potential for readmission. The calculated savings was $263 221 for the eight hospitals during the period of the study. This included $150 307 for length of stay reduction, $111 848 for readmission reduction. The annualized cost savings relating to length of stay, readmission, drugs, medical procedures and laboratory monitoring as a result of clinical pharmacist initiated changes to hospitalized patient management or therapy was $4 444 794 for eight major acute care government funded teaching hospitals in Australia.
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              The impact of HIV clinical pharmacists on HIV treatment outcomes: a systematic review

              Objective Due to the rapid proliferation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment options, there is a need for health care providers with knowledge of antiretroviral therapy intricacies. In a HIV multidisciplinary care team, the HIV pharmacist is well-equipped to provide this expertise. We conducted a systematic review to assess the impact of HIV pharmacists on HIV clinical outcomes. Methods We searched six electronic databases from January 1, 1980 to June 1, 2011 and included all quantitative studies that examined pharmacist’s roles in the clinical care of HIV-positive adults. Primary outcomes were antiretroviral adherence, viral load, and CD4 + cell count and secondary outcomes included health care utilization parameters, antiretroviral modifications, and other descriptive variables. Results Thirty-two publications were included. Despite methodological limitation, the involvement of HIV pharmacists was associated with statistically significant adherence improvements and positive impact on viral suppression in the majority of studies. Conclusion This systematic review provides evidence of the beneficial impact of HIV pharmacists on HIV treatment outcomes and offers suggestions for future research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pharmacy
                Pharmacy Practice (Granada)
                Pharmacy Pract (Granada)
                Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmacéuticas (Redondela, Pontevedra, Spain )
                1885-642X
                1886-3655
                June 2015
                : 13
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [04] Jos orgnameUniversity of Jos orgdiv1Department of Internal Medicine orgdiv2Nephrology Unit Nigeria
                [03] Jos orgnameUniversity of Jos orgdiv1Department of Family Medicine Nigeria
                [01] Jos orgnameJos University Teaching Hospital orgdiv1Pharmacy Department orgdiv2APIN (AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria) Center Nigeria
                [02] Jos orgnameUniversity of Jos orgdiv1Department of Pharmacology Nigeria
                Article
                S1885-642X2015000200008 S1885-642X(15)01300200008
                10.18549/PharmPract.2015.02.566
                e21f9e67-303d-41e4-b2f3-2fbfe15ee296

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 February 2015
                : 07 June 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Research

                Pharmacists,Pharmaceutical Services,Nigeria,Fármacos Anti-VIH,Errores de medicación,Farmacéuticos,Servicios farmacéuticos,Medication Errors,Anti-HIV Agents

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