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      Association between global longitudinal strain and clinical outcomes following COVID‐19 infection

      letter
      , MD, PhD 1 ,
      Clinical Cardiology
      John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      echocardiography, speckle‐tracking echocardiography, strain

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          Abstract

          To the Editor, A deep association between cardiac function, particularly global longitudinal strain (GLS) and COVID‐19 is receiving great concern. Khani et al. 1 demonstrated that both right and left GLS were significant prognostic predictors in patients hospitalized to treat COVID‐19. Several concerns have been raised. In their study, both right and left GLS were correlated with various other echocardiography parameters, respectively. 1 They used only hypertension to adjust in the multivariate analyses. Other potential confounders including echocardiography parameters might exist. Also, the assessment to investigate the superiority of GLS to other echocardiography parameters would be of interest. Baseline lower GLS was associated with mortality following COVID‐19 infection, 1 but its detailed mechanism remains uncertain. Data on the cause of death should more clarify the association between GLS and mortality. Were most death related to cardiovascular diseases? The authors measured GLS on admission. 1 Some COVID‐19 survivors seem to have a persistent myocardial injury, which was assessed by decreased left GLS and elevated high‐sensitivity troponin levels. 2 Prognostic impact of such a persistent myocardial injury remains the next concern. FUNDING INFORMATION Teruhiko Imamura receives grant support from JSPS KAKENHI: JP20K17143.

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          Prognostic implications of biventricular strain measurement in COVID‐19 patients by speckle‐tracking echocardiography

          Background Recent reports have indicated the beneficial role of strain measurement in COVID‐19 patients. Hypothesis To determine the association between right and left global longitudinal strain (RVGLS, LVGLS) and COVID‐19 patients' outcomes. Methods Hospitalized COVID‐19 patients between June and August 2020 were included. Two‐dimensional echocardiography and biventricular global longitudinal strain measurement were performed. The outcome measure was defined as mortality, ICU admission, and need for intubation. Appropriate statistical tests were used to compare different groups. Results In this study 207 patients (88 females) were enrolled. During 64 ± 4 days of follow‐up, 22 (10.6%) patients died. Mortality, ICU admission, and intubation were significantly associated with LVGLS and RVGLS tertiles. LVGLS tertiles could predict poor outcome with significant odds ratios in the total population (OR = 0.203, 95% CI: 0.088–0.465; OR = 0.350, 95% CI: 0.210–0.585; OR = 0.354, 95% CI: 0.170–0.736 for mortality, ICU admission, and intubation). Although odds ratios of LVGLS for the prediction of outcome were statistically significant among hypertensive patients, these odds ratios did not reach significance among non‐hypertensive patients. RVGLS tertiles revealed significant odds ratios for the prediction of mortality (OR = 0.322, 95% CI: 0.162–0.640), ICU admission (OR = 0.287, 95% CI: 0.166–0.495), and need for intubation (OR = 0.360, 95% CI: 0.174–0.744). Odds ratios of RVGLS remained significant even after adjusting for hypertension when considering mortality and ICU admission. Conclusion RVGLS and LVGLS can be acceptable prognostic factors to predict mortality, ICU admission, and intubation in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. However, RVGLS seems more reliable, as it is not confounded by hypertension.
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            Elevated high-sensitivity troponin is associated with subclinical cardiac dysfunction in patients recovered from coronavirus disease 2019.

            The aim of this study is to investigate myocardial damage in recovering coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with high-sensitivity troponin levels (hsTnT) and echocardiography. In this single-center cohort study, 215 COVID-19 recovered patients were recruited from all over Japan between April and September 2020. Demographic characteristics, hsTnT levels, and echocardiography data were collected for 209 patients, after excluding those without serum samples or good-quality echocardiographic images. The mean (± standard deviation) age was 44 (± 12) years (range: 36-55 years), and 50.7% of the patients were males. The median time interval (interquartile range) from COVID-19 onset to post-recovery examination was 56 days (34-96 days). Seventy-four recovered patients (35.4%) had hsTnT less than detection sensitivity (< 3 pg/mL) and 135 recovered patients (64.6%) had hsTnT ≥ 3 pg/mL. Ejection fraction was more than 50% in all cases. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) and right ventricular free-wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) were reduced in 62 (29.7%) and 8 patients (3.8%), respectively. They were significantly associated with elevated hsTnT levels. In cases with hsTnT above 5 pg/mL, the LVGLS was greatly reduced to 19.0 ± 2.2% (p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that elevated hsTnT level was an independent predictor of reduced LVGLS (standardized β = -0.34; p < 0.001). In recovered COVID-19 patients, even a slight increase in hsTnT above detection sensitivity was associated with decreased LVGLS. hsTnT and echocardiography may be useful tools to detect myocardial injury in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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              Author and article information

              Contributors
              teimamu@med.u-toyama.ac.jp
              Journal
              Clin Cardiol
              Clin Cardiol
              10.1002/(ISSN)1932-8737
              CLC
              Clinical Cardiology
              John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
              0160-9289
              1932-8737
              21 February 2022
              February 2022
              : 45
              : 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/clc.v45.2 )
              : 150
              Affiliations
              [ 1 ] Second Department of Internal Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Japan
              Author notes
              [*] [* ] Correspondence Teruhiko Imamura, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930‐0194, Japan.

              Email: teimamu@ 123456med.u-toyama.ac.jp

              Article
              CLC23788
              10.1002/clc.23788
              8860485
              35189001
              e250e295-9c73-44a3-9cc0-5a23a7ccb172
              © 2022 The Authors. Clinical Cardiology published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC.
              History
              : 13 September 2021
              : 16 December 2021
              Page count
              Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 1, Words: 341
              Funding
              Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , doi 10.13039/501100001691;
              Award ID: JP20K17143.
              Categories
              Letter to the Editor
              Letters to the Editor
              Custom metadata
              2.0
              February 2022
              Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.1 mode:remove_FC converted:21.02.2022

              Cardiovascular Medicine
              echocardiography,speckle‐tracking echocardiography,strain
              Cardiovascular Medicine
              echocardiography, speckle‐tracking echocardiography, strain

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