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      Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review

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          Abstract

          Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive condition characterized by airflow limitation associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles and gases, caused primarily by cigarette smoking. Increased oxidative burden plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. There is a delicate balance between the toxicity of oxidants and the protective function of the intracellular and extracellular antioxidant defense systems, which is critically important for the maintenance of normal pulmonary functions. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress are available and have been evaluated in COPD. In this review, we summarize the main literature findings about circulating oxidative stress biomarkers, grouped according to their method of detection, measured in COPD subjects.

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          A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells.

          Human lymphocytes were either exposed to X-irradiation (25 to 200 rads) or treated with H2O2 (9.1 to 291 microM) at 4 degrees C and the extent of DNA migration was measured using a single-cell microgel electrophoresis technique under alkaline conditions. Both agents induced a significant increase in DNA migration, beginning at the lowest dose evaluated. Migration patterns were relatively homogeneous among cells exposed to X-rays but heterogeneous among cells treated with H2O2. An analysis of repair kinetics following exposure to 200 rads X-rays was conducted with lymphocytes obtained from three individuals. The bulk of the DNA repair occurred within the first 15 min, while all of the repair was essentially complete by 120 min after exposure. However, some cells demonstrated no repair during this incubation period while other cells demonstrated DNA migration patterns indicative of more damage than that induced by the initial irradiation with X-rays. This technique appears to be sensitive and useful for detecting damage and repair in single cells.
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            Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues

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              Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

              Summary Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by progressive airflow obstruction that is only partly reversible, inflammation in the airways, and systemic effects or comorbities. The main cause is smoking tobacco, but other factors have been identified. Several pathobiological processes interact on a complex background of genetic determinants, lung growth, and environmental stimuli. The disease is further aggravated by exacerbations, particularly in patients with severe disease, up to 78% of which are due to bacterial infections, viral infections, or both. Comorbidities include ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, and lung cancer. Bronchodilators constitute the mainstay of treatment: β2 agonists and long-acting anticholinergic agents are frequently used (the former often with inhaled corticosteroids). Besides improving symptoms, these treatments are also thought to lead to some degree of disease modification. Future research should be directed towards the development of agents that notably affect the course of disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                elisabetta.zinellu@aousassari.it
                azinellu@uniss.it
                fois.ale@libero.it
                carru@uniss.it
                pirina@uniss.it
                Journal
                Respir Res
                Respir. Res
                Respiratory Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                1465-9921
                1465-993X
                14 November 2016
                14 November 2016
                2016
                : 17
                : 150
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Respiratory Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
                [3 ]Quality Control Unit, University Hospital of Sassari (AOU SS); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1457-8025
                Article
                471
                10.1186/s12931-016-0471-z
                5109807
                27842552
                e25aa07c-4e7a-49b0-af61-aac52a1e3d08
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 29 July 2016
                : 4 November 2016
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Respiratory medicine
                chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,biomarkers,oxidative stress,peripheral blood

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