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      Microbiological contamination of nebulizers used by cystic fibrosis patients: an underestimated problem Translated title: Contaminação microbiológica de nebulizadores usados por pacientes com fibrose cística: um problema subestimado

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          Home nebulizers are routinely used in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aims to evaluate the contamination of nebulizers used for CF patients, that are chronically colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the association of nebulizer contamination with cleaning, decontamination and drying practices.

          Methods:

          A cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study was conducted in seven CF reference centers in Brazil to obtain data from medical records, structured interviews with patients/caregivers were performed, and nebulizer’s parts (interface and cup) were collected for microbiological culture.

          Results:

          overall, 77 CF patients were included. The frequency of nebulizer contamination was 71.6%. Candida spp. (52.9%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (11.9%), non-mucoid P. aeruginosa (4.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.8%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (2.4%) were the most common isolated pathogens. The frequency of nebulizers’ hygiene was 97.4%, and 70.3% of patients reported cleaning, disinfection and drying the nebulizers. The use of tap water in cleaning method and outdoor drying of the parts significantly increased (9.10 times) the chance of nebulizers’ contamination.

          Conclusion:

          Despite the high frequency hygiene of the nebulizers reported, the cleaning and disinfection methods used were often inadequate. A significant proportion of nebulizers was contaminated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms for CF patients. These findings support the need to include patients/caregivers in educational programs and / or new strategies for delivering inhaled antibiotics.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Nebulizadores caseiros são usados rotineiramente no tratamento de pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). Este estudo objetiva avaliar a contaminação de nebulizadores utilizados por pacientes de FC que estão cronicamente colonizados por Pseudomonas aeruginosa e a associação da contaminação do nebulizador com a higienização, esterilização e método de secagem.

          Métodos:

          Um estudo transversal, observacional, multicêntrico foi conduzido em sete centros de referência de FC no Brasil para obter dados de registros médicos; foram feitas entrevistas estruturadas com os pacientes/cuidadores e partes de nebulizadores (máscara e copo) foram coletados para cultura microbiológica.

          Resultados:

          No geral, 77 pacientes com FC foram incluídos. A frequência da contaminação do nebulizador foi de 71,6%. Candida spp. (52,9%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (11,9%), P. aeruginosa não mucoide (4,8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4,8%) e complexo Burkholderia cepacia (2.4%) foram os patógenos isolados mais comuns. A frequência de higienização dos nebulizadores foi de 97,4%, e 70,3% dos pacientes relata higienização, esterilização e secagem dos aparelhos. A lavagem com água da torneira e secagem das partes no tempo, em espaço aberto, aumentou significativamente (9 a 10 vezes) a chance de contaminação dos nebulizadores.

          Conclusões:

          Apesar dos relatos de frequente higienização dos nebulizadores, os métodos de limpeza e esterilização usados eram inadequados. Uma proporção significativa de nebulizadores foi contaminada com microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos para pacientes com FC. Estes resultados apoiam a necessidade de inclusão dos pacientes/cuidadores em programas educacionais e/ou novas estratégias para fornecimento de antibióticos inalatórios.

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          Most cited references26

          • Record: found
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          Infection prevention and control guideline for cystic fibrosis: 2013 update.

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            Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis

            ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by dysfunction of the CFTR gene. It is a multisystem disease that most often affects White individuals. In recent decades, various advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CF have drastically changed the scenario, resulting in a significant increase in survival and quality of life. In Brazil, the current neonatal screening program for CF has broad coverage, and most of the Brazilian states have referral centers for the follow-up of individuals with the disease. Previously, CF was limited to the pediatric age group. However, an increase in the number of adult CF patients has been observed, because of the greater number of individuals being diagnosed with atypical forms (with milder phenotypic expression) and because of the increase in life expectancy provided by the new treatments. However, there is still great heterogeneity among the different regions of Brazil in terms of the access of CF patients to diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The objective of these guidelines was to aggregate the main scientific evidence to guide the management of these patients. A group of 18 CF specialists devised 82 relevant clinical questions, divided into five categories: characteristics of a referral center; diagnosis; treatment of respiratory disease; gastrointestinal and nutritional treatment; and other aspects. Various professionals working in the area of CF in Brazil were invited to answer the questions devised by the coordinators. We used the PubMed database to search the available literature based on keywords, in order to find the best answers to these questions.
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              Epidemiology of Cystic Fibrosis.

              Improved quality of care and rapidly emerging therapeutic strategies to restore chloride transport profoundly impact the epidemiology and pathobiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the twenty-first century. CF now serves as a model for chronic illness management, continuous quality improvement via registry data, and a seamless link between basic science research, translational studies, clinical trials, and outcomes research to enable rapid expansion of treatment options.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                May-Jun 2019
                May-Jun 2019
                : 45
                : 3
                : e20170351
                Affiliations
                [1 ]. Novartis Biociências S.A. Brasil, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
                [2 ]. Hospital da Criança de Brasília José Alencar, Brasília (DF), Brasil.
                [3 ]. Departamento de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, (RJ), Brasil.
                [4 ]. Unidade de Pneumologia, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
                [5 ]. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
                [6 ]. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil
                [7 ]. Associação Mineira de Assistência a Mucoviscidose - AMAM, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
                [8 ]. Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil.
                [9 ]. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil.
                [10 ]. Laboratório de Fisiologia Pulmonar, Centro de Investigação em Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (SP), Brasil
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to: ] Barbara Riquena. Novartis Pharma Brasil, Av. Prof. Vicente Rao, 90, Brooklin, CEP 04636-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Tel.: +55 11 5532-4552. E-mail: publicação.brasil@ 123456novartis.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4145-9945
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-351X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8598-4878
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-1997
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-3585
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-0434
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-7570
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-5642
                Article
                00203
                10.1590/1806-3713/e20170351
                6715035
                31166553
                e262d89e-6f2a-46d9-835f-33b29b214e79
                © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 27 October 2017
                : 23 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 29
                Categories
                Original Article

                cystic fibrosis,pseudomonas aeruginosa,nebulizers and vaporizers,equipment contamination,decontamination,fibrose cística,nebulizadores e vaporizadores,contaminação de equipamento,esterilização

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