Sex Hormones and Modulation of Immunity against Leishmaniasis

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Abstract

Sex-associated hormones such as estradiol, testosterone and progesterone have all been shown to modulate immune responses, which can result in differential disease outcomes between males and females, as well as between pregnant and nonpregnant females. Most parasitic diseases, including leishmaniasis, usually result in more severe disease in males compared with females. This review highlights our current knowledge concerning the role of sex hormones in modulating leishmaniasis in both clinical settings and experimental disease models.

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Most cited references 44

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Diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in perk-/- mice reveals a role for translational control in secretory cell survival.

Heather P. Harding, Huiqing Zeng, Yuhong Zhang … (2001)

The protein kinase PERK couples protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to polypeptide biosynthesis by phosphorylating the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha), attenuating translation initiation in response to ER stress. PERK is highly expressed in mouse pancreas, an organ active in protein secretion. Under physiological conditions, PERK was partially activated, accounting for much of the phosphorylated eIF2alpha in the pancreas. The exocrine and endocrine pancreas developed normally in Perk-/- mice. Postnatally, ER distention and activation of the ER stress transducer IRE1alpha accompanied increased cell death and led to progressive diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. These findings suggest a special role for translational control in protecting secretory cells from ER stress.

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The endoplasmic reticulum stress response in immunity and autoimmunity.

Derrich Todd, Ann-Hwee Lee, Laurie Glimcher (2008)

Many exogenous sources of stress can lead to cell death. In recent years, endogenous cellular sources of stress have also been identified, including the stress that arises from the accumulation of unfolded proteins within a cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To counterbalance this type of ER stress, higher eukaryotic cells possess a three-pronged signal-transduction pathway termed the unfolded-protein response (UPR). This Review focuses on the role of the UPR in the mammalian immune system and how manipulation of this complex signalling pathway may be of therapeutic benefit in human disease.

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Cytokines and autoimmunity.

John J. O’Shea, Peter Lipsky, Averil Ma (2001)

Cytokines have crucial functions in the development, differentiation and regulation of immune cells. As a result, dysregulation of cytokine production or action is thought to have a central role in the development of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. Some cytokines, such as interleukin-2, tumour-necrosis factor and interferons--ostensibly, the 'bad guys' in terms of disease pathogenesis--are well known for the promotion of immune and inflammatory responses. However, these cytokines also have crucial immunosuppressive functions and so, paradoxically, can also be 'good guys'. The balance between the pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions of these well-known cytokines and the implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease is the focus of this review.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): NIM

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuroimmunomodulation

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1021-7401

Title: Neuroimmunomodulation

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISBN: 978-3-8055-9057-0

ISBN: 978-3-8055-9058-7

ISSN (Print): 1021-7401

ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0216

Publication date Subscription-year: 2009

Publication date (Print): February 2009

Publication date (Electronic): 11 February 2009

Volume: 16

Issue: 2

Pages: 106-113

Affiliations

^aDepartment of Microbiology, ^bDepartment of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ^cStrathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

Article

Publisher ID: 180265 Other ID: Neuroimmunomodulation 2009;16:106–113

DOI: 10.1159/000180265

PMC ID: 2760305

PubMed ID: 19212130

SO-VID: e2847d21-e461-4dc8-8d44-9ed18b5d2755

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

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Sex Hormones and Modulation of Immunity against Leishmaniasis

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Abstract

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Karger: Endocrinology

Most cited references 44

Diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in perk-/- mice reveals a role for translational control in secretory cell survival.

The endoplasmic reticulum stress response in immunity and autoimmunity.

Cytokines and autoimmunity.

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