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      Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving a Bicycle Before and After Introduction of a Bike Share Program in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010–2018

      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 1
      Publication date Created:
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      Journal: American Journal of Public Health
      Publisher: American Public Health Association

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          Abstract

          Objectives. To quantify the impact of a citywide bicycle share program on rates of motor vehicle collisions involving a bicycle.

          Methods. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis, using crash records from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation for Philadelphia County from 2010 through 2018. We also calculated summary statistics to illustrate annual and monthly trends in rates of motor vehicle crashes involving a bicycle.

          Results. The baseline rate of bike events was 106% greater (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25, 3.38) at the time bicycle share was implemented compared with January 2010. Before bicycle share implementation, the rate of bicycle events decreased 1% (95% CI = 0.95, 1.03) annually. After the bicycle share program started, the rate of bicycle events decreased 13% (95% CI = 0.82, 0.94) annually.

          Conclusions. In the long term, programs that increase the number of bicycles on the road, such as bike share, may reduce rates of motor vehicle crashes involving a bicycle.

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          Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review.

          P Oja, S Titze, A. Bauman … (2011)
          The purpose of this study was to update the evidence on the health benefits of cycling. A systematic review of the literature resulted in 16 cycling-specific studies. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showed a clear positive relationship between cycling and cardiorespiratory fitness in youths. Prospective observational studies demonstrated a strong inverse relationship between commuter cycling and all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and cancer morbidity among middle-aged to elderly subjects. Intervention studies among working-age adults indicated consistent improvements in cardiovascular fitness and some improvements in cardiovascular risk factors due to commuting cycling. Six studies showed a consistent positive dose-response gradient between the amount of cycling and the health benefits. Systematic assessment of the quality of the studies showed most of them to be of moderate to high quality. According to standard criteria used primarily for the assessment of clinical studies, the strength of this evidence was strong for fitness benefits, moderate for benefits in cardiovascular risk factors, and inconclusive for all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality, cancer risk, and overweight and obesity. While more intervention research is needed to build a solid knowledge base of the health benefits of cycling, the existing evidence reinforces the current efforts to promote cycling as an important contributor for better population health. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
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            The impact of transportation infrastructure on bicycling injuries and crashes: a review of the literature

            Conor CO Reynolds, M Harris, Kay Teschke … (2009)
            Background Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness, diminish obesity, and reduce noise, air pollution, and greenhouse gases associated with travel. However, bicyclists incur a higher risk of injuries requiring hospitalization than motor vehicle occupants. Therefore, understanding ways of making bicycling safer and increasing rates of bicycling are important to improving population health. There is a growing body of research examining transportation infrastructure and the risk of injury to bicyclists. Methods We reviewed studies of the impact of transportation infrastructure on bicyclist safety. The results were tabulated within two categories of infrastructure, namely that at intersections (e.g. roundabouts, traffic lights) or between intersections on "straightaways" (e.g. bike lanes or paths). To assess safety, studies examining the following outcomes were included: injuries; injury severity; and crashes (collisions and/or falls). Results The literature to date on transportation infrastructure and cyclist safety is limited by the incomplete range of facilities studied and difficulties in controlling for exposure to risk. However, evidence from the 23 papers reviewed (eight that examined intersections and 15 that examined straightaways) suggests that infrastructure influences injury and crash risk. Intersection studies focused mainly on roundabouts. They found that multi-lane roundabouts can significantly increase risk to bicyclists unless a separated cycle track is included in the design. Studies of straightaways grouped facilities into few categories, such that facilities with potentially different risks may have been classified within a single category. Results to date suggest that sidewalks and multi-use trails pose the highest risk, major roads are more hazardous than minor roads, and the presence of bicycle facilities (e.g. on-road bike routes, on-road marked bike lanes, and off-road bike paths) was associated with the lowest risk. Conclusion Evidence is beginning to accumulate that purpose-built bicycle-specific facilities reduce crashes and injuries among cyclists, providing the basis for initial transportation engineering guidelines for cyclist safety. Street lighting, paved surfaces, and low-angled grades are additional factors that appear to improve cyclist safety. Future research examining a greater variety of infrastructure would allow development of more detailed guidelines.
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              Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: prospective cohort study

              Carlos A Celis-Morales, Donald Lyall, Paul Welsh … (2017)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: American Journal of Public Health
                Abbreviated Title: Am J Public Health
                Publisher: American Public Health Association
                ISSN (Print): 0090-0036
                ISSN (Electronic): 1541-0048
                Publication date Created: June 2020
                Publication date (Print): June 2020
                Volume: 110
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 863-867
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ghassan B. Hamra is with the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Leah H. Schinasi and D. Alex Quistberg are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
                Article
                DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305613
                SO-VID: e28b29ba-c05b-4702-9156-2e7c73f1c07e
                Copyright © © 2020
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