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      Development of a bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel cell carrier containing keratinocytes and fibroblasts for full-thickness wound healing

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          Abstract

          Bacterial cellulose (BC)/acrylic acid (AA) hydrogel has successfully been investigated as a wound dressing for partial-thickness burn wound. It is also a promising biomaterial cell carrier because it bears some resemblance to the natural soft tissue. This study assessed its ability to deliver human epidermal keratinocytes (EK) and dermal fibroblasts (DF) for the treatment of full-thickness skin lesions. In vitro studies demonstrated that BC/AA hydrogel had excellent cell attachment, maintained cell viability with limited migration, and allowed cell transfer. In vivo wound closure, histological, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy evaluation revealed that hydrogel alone (HA) and hydrogel with cells (HC) accelerated wound healing compared to the untreated controls. Gross appearance and Masson’s trichrome staining indicated that HC was better than HA. This study suggests the potential application of BC/AA hydrogel with dual functions, as a cell carrier and wound dressing, to promote full-thickness wound healing.

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          Most cited references38

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          The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin.

          The epidermis functions as a barrier against the environment by means of several layers of terminally differentiated, dead keratinocytes - the cornified layer, which forms the endpoint of epidermal differentiation and death. The cornified envelope replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes and consists of keratins that are enclosed within an insoluble amalgam of proteins, which are crosslinked by transglutaminases and surrounded by a lipid envelope. New insights into the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of cornification are increasing our understanding of the pathological defects of this unique form of programmed cell death, which is associated with barrier malfunctions and ichthyosis.
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            Nanocellulose in biomedicine: Current status and future prospect

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              Pathophysiology of acute wound healing.

              Wound healing is a complex process that can be divided into at least 3 continuous and overlapping processes: an inflammatory reaction, a proliferative process leading to tissue restoration, and, eventually, tissue remodeling. Wound healing processes are strictly regulated by multiple growth factors and cytokines released at the wound site. Although the desirable final result of coordinated healing would be the formation of tissue with a similar structure and comparable functions as with intact skin, regeneration is uncommon (with notable exceptions such as early fetal healing); healing however results in a structurally and functionally satisfactory but not identical outcome. Alterations that disrupt controlled healing processes would extend tissue damage and repair. The pathobiologic states may lead to chronic or nonhealing wounds or excessive fibrosis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mciamin@ukm.edu.my
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                13 February 2018
                13 February 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 2875
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1557, GRID grid.412113.4, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0627 933X, GRID grid.240541.6, Tissue Engineering Centre, , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, ; Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000 Malaysia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0366 8516, GRID grid.444452.7, Present Address: Faculty of Pharmacy, , Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, 3410, Jalan Teknokrat 3, Cyber 4, Cyberjaya, ; Selangor, 63000 Malaysia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6449-639X
                Article
                21174
                10.1038/s41598-018-21174-7
                5811544
                29440678
                e29bac9a-e92f-4dd4-91e9-51606f0b255d
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 13 October 2017
                : 30 January 2018
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