For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
15
views
38
references
 Top references
cited by
13
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      498
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          Epidemiological studies over the last decade have supplied growing evidence of an association between urbanization and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Our aim was to examine the link between levels of urbanization and 12-month prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in a nationwide German population study, controlling for other known risk factors such as gender, social class, marital status and the interaction variables of these factors with urbanization.

          Methods

          The Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) was used to assess the prevalence of mental disorders (DSM-IV) in a representative sample of the German population (N = 4181, age: 18–65). The sample contains five levels of urbanization based on residence location.

          The epidemiological study was commissioned by the German Ministry of Research, Education and Science (BMBF) and approved by the relevant Institutional Review Board and ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained for both surveys (core survey and Mental Health Supplement). Subjects did not get any financial compensation for their study participation.

          Results

          Higher levels of urbanization were linked to higher 12-month prevalence rates for almost all major psychiatric disorders (with the exception of substance abuse and psychotic disorders). The weighted prevalence percentages were highest in the most urbanized category. Alongside urbanization, female gender, lower social class and being unmarried were generally found to be associated with higher levels of psychopathology. The impact of urbanization on mental health was about equal (for almost all major psychiatric disorders) in young people and elderly people, men and women, and in married and single people. Only people from a low social class in the most urbanized settings had more somatoform disorders, and unmarried people in the most urbanized settings had more anxiety disorders.

          Conclusion

          Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among the inhabitants of more urbanized areas. probably because of environmental stressors.

          Related collections

          Most cited references38

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Reliability and validity studies of the WHO--Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review.

          H.-U. Wittchen (2015)
          This paper reviews reliability and validity studies of the WHO - Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The CIDI is a comprehensive and fully standardized diagnostic interview designed for assessing mental disorders according to the definitions of the Diagnostic Criteria for Research of ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. The instrument contains 276 symptom questions many of which are coupled with probe questions to evaluate symptom severity, as well as questions for assessing help-seeking behavior, psychosocial impairments, and other episode-related questions. Although primarily intended for use in epidemiological studies of mental disorders, it is also being used extensively for clinical and other research purposes. The review documents the wide spread use of the instrument and discusses several test-retest and interrater reliability studies of the CIDI. Both types of studies have confirmed good to excellent Kappa coefficients for most diagnostic sections. In international multicenter studies as well as several smaller center studies the CIDI was judged to be acceptable for most subjects and was found to be appropriate for use in different kinds of settings and countries. There is however still a need for reliability studies in general population samples, the area the CIDI was primary intended for. Only a few selected aspects of validity have been examined so far, mostly in smaller selected clinical samples. The need for further procedural validity studies of the CIDI with clinical instruments such as the SCAN as well as cognitive validation studies is emphasized. The latter should focus on specific aspects, such as the use of standardized questions in the elderly, cognitive probes to improve recall of episodes and their timing, as well as the role of order effects in the presentation of diagnostic sections.
          Article 0 comments Cited 195 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS).

            R Bijl, G Engelen, A C J Ravelli (1998)
            This article reports the initial results of a prospective study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the Dutch population aged 18-64. The objectives and the design of the study are described elsewhere in this issue. A total of 7076 people were interviewed in person in 1996. The presence of the following disorders was determined by means of the CIDI: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses, and substance use disorders. Psychiatric disorders were found to be quite common. Some 41.2% of the adult population under 65 had experienced at least one DSM-III-R disorder in their lifetime, among them 23.3% within the preceding year. No gender differences were found in overall morbidity. Depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse and dependence were most prevalent, and there was a high degree of comorbidity between them. The prevalence rate encountered for schizophrenia was lower (0.4% lifetime) than generally presumed. A comparison with findings from other countries is made. Relevant determinants of psychiatric morbidity were analysed.
            Article 0 comments Cited 113 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression: follow-up study of 4.4 million women and men in Sweden.

              G. Frank Gerberick, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist (2004)
              Previous studies of differences in mental health between urban and rural populations are inconsistent. To examine whether a high level of urbanisation is associated with increased incidence rates of psychosis and depression, after adjustment for age, marital status, education and immigrant status. Follow-up study of the total Swedish population aged 25-64 years with respect to first hospital admission for psychosis or depression. Level of urbanisation was defined by population density and divided into quintiles. With increasing levels of urbanisation the incidence rates of psychosis and depression rose. In the full models, those living in the most densely populated areas (quintile 5) had 68-77% more risk of developing psychosis and 12-20% more risk of developing depression than the reference group (quintile 1). A high level of urbanisation is associated with increased risk of psychosis and depression for both women and men.
              Article 0 comments Cited 64 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date Collection: 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 January 2008
                Volume: 8
                Page: 17
                Affiliations
                [1 ]JellinekMentrum Mental Health Institute. Klaprozenweg 111. P.O. Box 75848. 1070 AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Trimbos Institute, Da Costakade 45. P.O. Box 725. 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Vrije Universiteit, Department of Clinical Psychology. Van der Boechorstraat 1. 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [4 ]Vrije Universiteit, EMGO. Van der Boechorstraat 1. 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1471-2458-8-17
                DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-17
                PMC ID: 2266738
                PubMed ID: 18201380
                SO-VID: e29c777d-0daf-45e9-81df-fdb12c4d09db
                Copyright © Copyright © 2008 Dekker et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 November 2006
                Date accepted : 17 January 2008
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content498

                See all similar

                Cited by12

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors264

                See all reference authors