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      Recent advances in understanding Epstein-Barr virus

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      Author(s): 1 , a , 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: F1000Research
      Publisher: F1000Research
      Keywords: EBV, Herpesvirus, Herpes simplex virus, gastric cancer

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          Abstract

          Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human herpes virus known to infect the majority of the world population. Infection with EBV is often asymptomatic but can manifest in a range of pathologies from infectious mononucleosis to severe cancers of epithelial and lymphocytic origin. Indeed, in the past decade, EBV has been linked to nearly 10% of all gastric cancers. Furthermore, recent advances in high-throughput next-generation sequencing and the development of humanized mice, which effectively model EBV pathogenesis, have led to a wealth of knowledge pertaining to strain variation and host-pathogen interaction. This review highlights some recent advances in our understanding of EBV biology, focusing on new findings on the early events of infection, the role EBV plays in gastric cancer, new strain variation, and humanized mouse models of EBV infection.

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          Improved survival of gastric cancer with tumour Epstein-Barr virus positivity: an international pooled analysis.

          M Camargo, Woo-Ho Kim, Anna Chiaravalli … (2014)
          About 9% of gastric carcinomas have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the tumour cells, but it is unclear whether viral presence influences clinical progression. We therefore examined a large multicentre case series for the association of tumour EBV status with survival after gastric cancer diagnosis, accounting for surgical stage and other prognostic factors. We combined individual-level data on 4599 gastric cancer patients diagnosed between 1976 and 2010 from 13 studies in Asia (n=8), Europe (n=3), and Latin America (n=2). EBV positivity of tumours was assessed by in situ hybridisation. Mortality HRs for EBV positivity were estimated by Cox regression models stratified by study, adjusted for distributions of sex (71% male), age (mean 58 years), stage (52% tumour-node-metastasis stages III or IV), tumour histology (49% poorly differentiated, 57% Lauren intestinal-type), anatomic subsite (70% non-cardia) and year of diagnosis. Variations by study and continent were assessed using study-specific HRs for EBV positivity. During median 3.0 years follow-up, 49% of patients died. Stage was strongly predictive of mortality, with unadjusted HRs (vs stage I) of 3.1 for stage II, 8.1 for stage III and 13.2 for stage IV. Tumour EBV positivity was 8.2% overall and inversely associated with stage (adjusted OR: 0.79 per unit change). Adjusted for stage and other confounders, EBV positivity was associated with lower mortality (HR, 0.72; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.86), with low heterogeneity among the study populations (p=0.2). The association did not significantly vary across patient or tumour characteristics. There was no significant variation among the three continent-specific HRs (p=0.4). Our findings suggest that tumour EBV positivity is an additional prognostic indicator in gastric cancer. Further studies are warranted to identify the mechanisms underlying this protective association.
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            Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinoma.

            Daniel Weiss, D Shibata (1992)
            The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in certain types of lymphoma and some epithelial neoplasms including nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma, and rare lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas occurring in a variety of organs including, most recently, the stomach. The authors investigated the possibility that EBV may be present not only in the rare gastric cancers that resemble nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma, but also in typical gastric adenocarcinoma. EBV sequences were detected in 22 of 138 (16%) cases of typical gastric adenocarcinoma by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques. The EBV genomes were specifically present within the gastric carcinoma cells in an even distribution. The EBV genomes were also present in adjacent dysplastic epithelium but were absent in surrounding lymphocytes, other normal stromal cells, intestinal metaplasia, and normal gastric mucosa. The EBV genomes in the infected gastric carcinoma cells are expressed as EBV RNA was detected by ISH. EBV was most often detected in gastric tumors from men (21%) compared with women (3%). Thus some cases of gastric adenocarcinoma are EBV-associated.
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              An ATM/Chk2-mediated DNA damage responsive signaling pathway suppresses Epstein-Barr virus transformation of primary human B cells

              Pavel A. Nikitin, Christopher Yan, Eleonora Forte … (2010)
              SUMMARY Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes human malignancies, infects and immortalizes primary human B cells in vitro into indefinitely proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines, which represent a model for EBV-induced tumorigenesis. The immortalization efficiency is very low suggesting that an innate tumor suppressor mechanism is operative. We identify the DNA damage response (DDR) as a major component of the underlying tumor suppressor mechanism. EBV-induced DDR activation was not due to lytic viral replication nor did the DDR marks co-localize with latent episomes. Rather, a transient period of EBV-induced hyper-proliferation correlated with DDR activation. Inhibition of the DDR kinases ATM and Chk2 markedly increased transformation efficiency of primary B cells. Further, the viral latent oncoproteins EBNA3C was required to attenuate the EBV-induced DNA damage response We propose that heightened oncogenic activity in early cell divisions activates a growth-suppressive DDR which is attenuated by viral latency products to induce cell immortalization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res
                Journal ID (pmc): F1000Research
                Title: F1000Research
                Publisher: F1000Research (London, UK )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 386
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
                Author notes

                Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-9662
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-1907
                Article
                DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10591.1
                PMC ID: 5373418
                PubMed ID: 28408983
                SO-VID: e2bc2139-7763-4f4b-b7f9-5d92234d565a
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Stanfield BA and Luftig MA
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 27 March 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute
                Award ID: R01CA140337
                Funded by: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
                Award ID: R01DE025994
                This work received funding support from the National Cancer Institute (grant R01CA140337) and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (grant R01DE025994).
                The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Articles
                Subject: Animal Genetics
                Subject: Cellular Microbiology & Pathogenesis
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Gastrointestinal Cancers
                Subject: Genetics of the Immune System
                Subject: Immunity to Infections
                Subject: Immunopharmacology & Hematologic Pharmacology
                Subject: Leukocyte Activation
                Subject: Leukocyte Signaling & Gene Expression
                Subject: Lymphomas & Myelomas
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Virology

                Keywords: ebv,herpesvirus,herpes simplex virus,gastric cancer
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ebv, herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus, gastric cancer

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