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      Epidemiología de la leptospirosis en los humedales del sur de España Translated title: Epidemiology of leptospirosis in the wetlands of Southern Spain

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Conocer si la incidencia de leptospirosis en los capturadores de cangrejo rojo durante el periodo de captura es superior a la de la población general, así como identificar factores de riesgo y estimar los costes sanitarios directos e indirectos asociados a los casos de seroconversión de dicha enfermedad. Método Este estudio se realizó desde el 1 de julio de 2017 hasta el 31 de marzo de 2018. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes prospectivo (población expuesta: capturadores de cangrejo rojo; población no expuesta: población general) en el municipio de Isla Mayor (Sevilla, España). Previo consentimiento informado, se invitó a la población al estudio de prevalencia mediante la técnica cualitativa ELISA. Los que tuvieron serología negativa fueron incluidos en el estudio de cohortes. Ambas cohortes se siguieron clínicamente y a los casos sintomáticos se les realizó serología. A los capturadores de cangrejo rojo se les tomó una segunda muestra de suero al final del seguimiento para detectar asintomáticos. La serovariedad se confirmó mediante aglutinación microscópica. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo bivariado y se calcularon la incidencia acumulada y el riesgo relativo. La serología positiva se tomó como variable dependiente. Resultados Se incluyeron en el estudio 278 personas, de las que 92 constituían la cohorte de capturadores y 186 la de población general. El 46,8% de la muestra eran mujeres, aunque entre los capturadores de cangrejo rojo estas solo representaban el 29,3%. La edad media de la muestra fue de 45,1 (± 16,4) años. Se detectaron nueve seroconversiones: ocho en capturadores de cangrejo rojo y una en población general. Por lo tanto, la incidencia acumulada fue de 8,7% en capturadores de cangrejo rojo y de 0,5% en población general, siendo el riesgo relativo de 16,2 (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 2,1-127,4). El coste total de la asistencia sanitaria y de las pérdidas por enfermedad asociadas a la leptospirosis fue de 1568 € por caso. Conclusiones La leptospirosis en Isla Mayor está fuertemente asociada a la captura del cangrejo rojo. La incidencia es muy superior a la encontrada en estudios publicados en otros países.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective To find out whether the leptospirosis incidence rate among red swamp crayfish collectors in the harvesting season is higher than in the general population, and to identify risk factors and assess the direct and indirect health costs associated with leptospirosis seroconversion. Method This study was carried out between 1 July 2017 and 31 March 2018 in the municipality of Isla Mayor (Seville, Spain). It took the form of a prospective cohort study (exposed population: swamp crayfish collectors; non-exposed population: general population). The population was invited to take part in a prevalence study to be conducted using the ELISA qualitative technique, and informed consent was obtained from those who agreed. Negative serology cases were then included in the cohort study. Both cohorts were monitored clinically and symptomatic cases were serology tested. A second serum sample was taken from the swamp crayfish collectors at the end of the monitoring period to detect asymptomatic cases. Serovars were confirmed by microscopic agglutination testing. A bivariate descriptive analysis was carried out and cumulative incidence and relative risk were calculated, with positive serology being taken as the dependent variable. Results A total of 278 people were included in the study, of whom 92 made up the swamp crayfish collectors cohort and 186 the general population cohort. Women made up 46.8% of the sample, but only 29.3% of the collectors cohort. The mean age was 45.1 (±16.4) years. Nine cases of seroconversion were detected: eight among swamp crayfish collectors and one in the general population. Overall cumulative incidence was therefore 3.2%: 8.7% in the exposed group and 0.5% in the non-exposed group. Relative risk was 16.2% (95% confidence interval: 2.1-127.4). The total cost of medical assistance and illness-related losses associated with leptospirosis was 1568€/case. Conclusions Leptospirosis in Isla Mayor is strongly associated with red swamp crayfish collecting. It's incidence here is much higher than that reported in studies published in other countries.

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          Leptospirosis in humans.

          Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding. Infection results from direct or indirect exposure to infected reservoir host animals that carry the pathogen in their renal tubules and shed pathogenic leptospires in their urine. Although many wild and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the most important source of human infections. Individuals living in urban slum environments characterized by inadequate sanitation and poor housing are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. The global burden of leptospirosis is expected to rise with demographic shifts that favor increases in the number of urban poor in tropical regions subject to worsening storms and urban flooding due to climate change. Data emerging from prospective surveillance studies suggest that most human leptospiral infections in endemic areas are mild or asymptomatic. Development of more severe outcomes likely depends on three factors: epidemiological conditions, host susceptibility, and pathogen virulence (Fig. 1). Mortality increases with age, particularly in patients older than 60 years of age. High levels of bacteremia are associated with poor clinical outcomes and, based on animal model and in vitro studies, are related in part to poor recognition of leptospiral LPS by human TLR4. Patients with severe leptospirosis experience a cytokine storm characterized by high levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. Patients with the HLA DQ6 allele are at higher risk of disease, suggesting a role for lymphocyte stimulation by a leptospiral superantigen. Leptospirosis typically presents as a nonspecific, acute febrile illness characterized by fever, myalgia, and headache and may be confused with other entities such as influenza and dengue fever. Newer diagnostic methods facilitate early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Patients progressing to multisystem organ failure have widespread hematogenous dissemination of pathogens. Nonoliguric (high output) renal dysfunction should be supported with fluids and electrolytes. When oliguric renal failure occurs, prompt initiation of dialysis can be life saving. Elevated bilirubin levels are due to hepatocellular damage and disruption of intercellular junctions between hepatocytes, resulting in leaking of bilirubin out of bile caniliculi. Hemorrhagic complications are common and are associated with coagulation abnormalities. Severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome due to extensive alveolar hemorrhage has a fatality rate of >50 %. Readers are referred to earlier, excellent summaries related to this subject (Adler and de la Peña-Moctezuma 2010; Bharti et al. 2003; Hartskeerl et al. 2011; Ko et al. 2009; Levett 2001; McBride et al. 2005).
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            Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis

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              Challenges in developing methods for quantifying the effects of weather and climate on water-associated diseases: A systematic review

              Infectious diseases attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene (e.g. Cholera, Leptospirosis, Giardiasis) remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries. Climate and weather factors are known to affect the transmission and distribution of infectious diseases and statistical and mathematical modelling are continuously developing to investigate the impact of weather and climate on water-associated diseases. There have been little critical analyses of the methodological approaches. Our objective is to review and summarize statistical and modelling methods used to investigate the effects of weather and climate on infectious diseases associated with water, in order to identify limitations and knowledge gaps in developing of new methods. We conducted a systematic review of English-language papers published from 2000 to 2015. Search terms included concepts related to water-associated diseases, weather and climate, statistical, epidemiological and modelling methods. We found 102 full text papers that met our criteria and were included in the analysis. The most commonly used methods were grouped in two clusters: process-based models (PBM) and time series and spatial epidemiology (TS-SE). In general, PBM methods were employed when the bio-physical mechanism of the pathogen under study was relatively well known (e.g. Vibrio cholerae); TS-SE tended to be used when the specific environmental mechanisms were unclear (e.g. Campylobacter). Important data and methodological challenges emerged, with implications for surveillance and control of water-associated infections. The most common limitations comprised: non-inclusion of key factors (e.g. biological mechanism, demographic heterogeneity, human behavior), reporting bias, poor data quality, and collinearity in exposures. Furthermore, the methods often did not distinguish among the multiple sources of time-lags (e.g. patient physiology, reporting bias, healthcare access) between environmental drivers/exposures and disease detection. Key areas of future research include: disentangling the complex effects of weather/climate on each exposure-health outcome pathway (e.g. person-to-person vs environment-to-person), and linking weather data to individual cases longitudinally.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                2023
                : 37
                : 102288
                Affiliations
                [3] Coria del Río Sevilla orgnameCentro de Salud Blas Infante orgdiv1Servicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv2Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Coria del Río, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte España
                [9] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Sevilla orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica Spain
                [2] Mairena del Aljarafe (Sevilla) orgnameCentro de Salud Ciudad Expo orgdiv1Servicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv2Unidad de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte España
                [4] Sevilla orgnameServicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv1Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío orgdiv2Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva España
                [6] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Sevilla orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla, IBIS Spain
                [1] Mairena del Aljarafe Sevilla orgnameCentro de Salud Ciudad Expo orgdiv1Servicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv2Unidad de Protección de la Salud, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte España
                [8] Sevilla orgnameServicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv1Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte orgdiv2Unidad de Investigación España
                [7] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Sevilla orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Microbiología Spain
                [5] Málaga Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Málaga orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales orgdiv2Departamento de Economía Aplicada (Estadística y Econometría) Spain
                Article
                S0213-91112023000100204 S0213-9111(23)03700000204
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102288
                e2e6b659-7c6c-4201-bc7a-7eb76466f738

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 November 2022
                : 15 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Leptospirosis,Incidencia,Exposición profesional,Procambarus clarkii,Incidence,Occupational exposure

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