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      Contenido en Lisina y Arginina en soluciones de aminoácidos comercializadas en España Translated title: Comparison of Lysine and Arginine content in amino acid parenteral formulas approved in Spain

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: La terapia basada en péptidos con radionúclidos representa una estrategia terapéutica eficaz frente a tumores neuroendocrinos pero no está exenta de efectos adversos como la nefrotoxicidad. Para prevenir esta nefrotoxicidad se emplean soluciones de aminoácidos de Lisina y Arginina. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer el contenido de L-Lisina, L-Arginina y la osmolaridad en las soluciones de aminoácidos autorizadas en España hasta marzo de 2021 y comparar la composición de éstas con las características de las soluciones nefroprotectoras indicadas en la ficha técnica de Lutecio. Métodos: Revisión de las fichas técnicas de todas aquellas soluciones de aminoácidos comercializadas en España. Las presentaciones comerciales con otros macronutrientes o electrolitos que no tengan una función de estabilidad o conservación de la solución fueron excluidas. Resultados: De las 23.658 presentaciones a marzo de 2021, fueron seleccionadas 90 soluciones. Tras esta primera selección, 18 presentaciones comerciales cumplían los criterios de inclusión. De las soluciones incluidas, al extrapolar el contenido a un volumen máximo de 2000 ml, cumplían con los objetivos de L-Lisina y L-Arginina. El contenido difería entre presentaciones pero contenían más L-Arginina y presentaban una alta osmolaridad. Discusión: Empleando un volumen máximo de 2000 ml, la mayoría de las soluciones incluidas en el estudio cumplían con los requisitos de L-Lisina y L-Arginina indicadas en la ficha técnica, si bien pueden existir problemas de administración por vía periférica por su osmolaridad. El hecho de que incluyan otros aminoácidos podría dar lugar a otro tipo de efectos adversos como toxicidad gastrointestinal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy represents an effective therapeutic strategy against neuroendocrine tumors, but it is not without serious adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity. In order to prevent this nephrotoxicity, Lysine and Arginine amino acid solutions are used. The objectives of this article are to to know the content of LLysine, L-Arginine and the osmolarity in commercial amino acid solutions authorized in Spain until march 2021 and to compare their composition with the characteristics of the nephroprotective solutions indicated in the Lutetium technical data sheet. Methods: Review of all the technical sheets of all those amino acid solutions that were marketed in Spain. Commercial presentations with other macronutrients or electrolytes that do not have a stability or solution conservation function were excluded. Results: From the 23,658 commercial presentations as of march 2021, 90 parenteral nutrition solutions were selected. After this first selection, 18 commercial presentations met the inclusion criteria. Of the included solutions, when the content was extrapolated to a maximum volume of 2000 ml, they met the objectives of L-Lysine and L-Arginine. The content varied between solutions and was mostly the highest content in L-Arginine. The solutions studied had a high osmolarity. Discussion: Using a maximum volume of 2000 ml, most of the solutions included in the study fulfilled the requirements of the content of L-Lysine and L-Arginine indicated in the technical data sheet, although there may be problems of administration by peripheral route to the have a high osmolarity. The fact that they include other amino acids could lead to other types of adverse effects such as gastrointestinal toxicity.

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          Most cited references21

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          Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and organisms

          Cells have a constant turnover of proteins that recycle most amino acids over time. Net loss is mainly due to amino acid oxidation. Homeostasis is achieved through exchange of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids and the transfer of amino groups from oxidised amino acids to amino acid biosynthesis. This homeostatic condition is maintained through an active mTORC1 complex. Under amino acid depletion, mTORC1 is inactivated. This increases the breakdown of cellular proteins through autophagy and reduces protein biosynthesis. The general control non-derepressable 2/ATF4 pathway may be activated in addition, resulting in transcription of genes involved in amino acid transport and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolism is autoregulated to minimise oxidation of amino acids. Systemic amino acid levels are also tightly regulated. Food intake briefly increases plasma amino acid levels, which stimulates insulin release and mTOR-dependent protein synthesis in muscle. Excess amino acids are oxidised, resulting in increased urea production. Short-term fasting does not result in depletion of plasma amino acids due to reduced protein synthesis and the onset of autophagy. Owing to the fact that half of all amino acids are essential, reduction in protein synthesis and amino acid oxidation are the only two measures to reduce amino acid demand. Long-term malnutrition causes depletion of plasma amino acids. The CNS appears to generate a protein-specific response upon amino acid depletion, resulting in avoidance of an inadequate diet. High protein levels, in contrast, contribute together with other nutrients to a reduction in food intake.
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            Renal toxicity of radiolabeled peptides and antibody fragments: mechanisms, impact on radionuclide therapy, and strategies for prevention.

            Peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs such as octreotide is an effective therapy against neuroendocrine tumors. Other radiolabeled peptides and antibody fragments are under investigation. Most of these compounds are cleared through the kidneys and reabsorbed and partially retained in the proximal tubules, causing dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. An overview of renal handling of radiolabeled peptides and resulting nephrotoxicity is presented, and strategies to reduce nephrotoxicity are discussed. Modification of size, charge, or structure of radiolabeled peptides can alter glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Coinfusion of competitive inhibitors of reabsorption also interferes with the interaction of peptides with renal endocytic receptors; coinfusion of basic amino acids is currently used for kidney protection in clinical PRRT. Furthermore, nephrotoxicity may be reduced by dose fractionation, use of radioprotectors, or use of mitigating agents. Decreasing the risk of nephrotoxicity allows for administration of higher radiation doses, increasing the effectiveness of PRRT.
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              86Y-DOTA0)-D-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide (SMT487)--a phase 1 clinical study: pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and renal protective effect of different regimens of amino acid co-infusion.

              The pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of (86)Y-DOTA(0)- d-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide ((86)Y-SMT487) were evaluated in a phase I positron emission tomography (PET) study of 24 patients with somatostatin receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumours. The effect of amino acid (AA) co-infusion on renal and tumour uptake was assessed in a cross-over randomised setting. Five regimens were tested: no infusion, 4-h infusion of 120 g mixed AA (26.4 g l-lysine + l-arginine), 4 h l-lysine (50 g), 10 h 240 g mixed AA (52.8 g l-lysine + l-arginine) and 4 h Lys-Arg (25 g each). Comparisons were performed on an intra-patient basis. Infusions of AA started 0.5 h prior to injection of (86)Y-SMT487 and PET scans were obtained at 4, 24 and 48 h p.i. Absorbed doses to tissues were computed using the MIRD3 method. (86)Y-SMT487 displayed rapid plasma clearance and exclusive renal excretion; uptake was noted in kidneys, tumours, spleen and, to a lesser extent, liver. The 4-h mixed AA co-infusion significantly ( P<0.05) reduced (86)Y-SMT487 renal uptake by a mean of 21%. This protective effect was significant on the dosimetry data (3.3+/-1.3 vs 4.4+/-1.0 mGy/MBq; P<0.05) and was further enhanced upon prolonging the infusion to 10 h (2.1+/-0.4 vs 1.7+/-0.2 mGy/MBq; P<0.05). Infusion of Lys-Arg but not of l-lysine was more effective in reducing renal uptake than mixed AA. Infusion of AA did not result in reduced tumour uptake. The amount of (90)Y-SMT487 (maximum allowed dose: MAD) that would result in a 23-Gy cut-off dose to kidneys was calculated for each study: MAD was higher with mixed AA co-infusion by a mean of 46% (10-114%, P<0.05 vs no infusion). In comparison with 4 h mixed AA, the MAD was higher by a mean of 23% (9-37%; P<0.05) with prolonged infusion and by a mean of 16% (2-28%; P<0.05) with Lys-Arg. We conclude that infusion of large amounts of AA reduces renal exposure during peptide-based radiotherapy and allows higher absorbed doses to tumours. The prolongation of the infusion from 4 to 10 h further enhances the protective effect on the kidneys.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ofil
                Revista de la OFIL
                Rev. OFIL·ILAPHAR
                Organización de Farmacéuticos Ibero-Latinoamericanos (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1131-9429
                1699-714X
                March 2023
                : 33
                : 1
                : 91-94
                Affiliations
                [1] Las Palmas de Gran Canaria orgnameHospital Universitario Doctor Negrín orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia España
                Article
                S1699-714X2023000100016 S1699-714X(23)03300100016
                10.4321/s1699-714x2023000100016
                e2eb52b4-8821-4bdd-a188-c180ed93e3d8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 June 2021
                : 06 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                Arginine,PRRT,Aminoácidos,Lisina,Arginina,Aminoacids,Lysine
                Arginine, PRRT, Aminoácidos, Lisina, Arginina, Aminoacids, Lysine

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