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      Infectious triggers of asthma

      review-article
      Author(s): , MD, , MD *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
      Publisher: Elsevier Inc.

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          Abstract

          There is abundant evidence that asthma is frequently exacerbated by infectious agents. Several viruses have been implicated in the inception and exacerbation of asthma. Recent attention has been directed at the role of infections with the atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae as agents capable of triggering asthma exacerbations and potentially as inciting agents for asthma. This article examines the evidence for interaction between specific infectious agents and exacerbations of asthma, including the immunopathology of infection-triggered asthma, and the current therapeutic options for management.

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          A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease

          Bernadette van den Hoogen, Jan C de Jong, Jan Groen … (2001)
          From 28 young children in the Netherlands, we isolated a paramyxovirus that was identified as a tentative new member of the Metapneumovirus genus based on virological data, sequence homology and gene constellation. Previously, avian pneumovirus was the sole member of this recently assigned genus, hence the provisional name for the newly discovered virus: human metapneumovirus. The clinical symptoms of the children from whom the virus was isolated were similar to those caused by human respiratory syncytial virus infection, ranging from upper respiratory tract disease to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Serological studies showed that by the age of five years, virtually all children in the Netherlands have been exposed to human metapneumovirus and that the virus has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years.
          Article 0 comments Cited 754 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children.

            S Johnston, P Pattemore, G. Sanderson … (1995)
            To study the association between upper and lower respiratory viral infections and acute exacerbations of asthma in schoolchildren in the community. Community based 13 month longitudinal study using diary card respiratory symptom and peak expiratory flow monitoring to allow early sampling for viruses. 108 Children aged 9-11 years who had reported wheeze or cough, or both, in a questionnaire. Southampton and surrounding community. Upper and lower respiratory viral infections detected by polymerase chain reaction or conventional methods, reported exacerbations of asthma, computer identified episodes of respiratory tract symptoms or peak flow reductions. Viruses were detected in 80% of reported episodes of reduced peak expiratory flow, 80% of reported episodes of wheeze, and in 85% of reported episodes of upper respiratory symptoms, cough, wheeze, and a fall in peak expiratory flow. The median duration of reported falls in peak expiratory flow was 14 days, and the median maximum fall in peak expiratory flow was 81 l/min. The most commonly identified virus type was rhinovirus. This study supports the hypothesis that upper respiratory viral infections are associated with 80-85% of asthma exacerbations in school age children.
            Article 0 comments Cited 424 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years.

              R T Stein, D. Sherrill, W J Morgan … (1999)
              The relation between lower respiratory tract illnesses in early life caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the subsequent development of wheezing and atopy in childhood is not well understood. We studied this relation in children who had lower respiratory tract illnesses that occurred before 3 years of age. Children were enrolled at birth and cases of lower respiratory tract illness were ascertained by a physician. Viral tests were done for specimens collected at the time of the illness. Children were classified into five groups according to type and cause of lower respiratory tract illness. Children were then followed prospectively up to age 13, and we measured frequency of wheezing, pulmonary function, and atopic status (allergy skin-prick tests, serum IgE concentrations). RSV lower respiratory tract illnesses were associated with an increased risk of infrequent wheeze (odds ratio 3.2 [95% CI 2.0-5.0], p < 0.001), and an increased risk of frequent wheeze (4.3 [2.2-8.7], p < or = 0.001) by age 6. Risk decreased markedly with age and was not significant by age 13. There was no association between RSV lower respiratory tract illnesses and subsequent atopic status. RSV lower respiratory tract illnesses were associated with significantly lower measurements of forced expiratory volume (2.11 [2.05-2.15], p < or = 0.001) when compared with those of children with no lower respiratory tract illnesses, but there was no difference in forced expiratory volume after inhalation of salbutamol. RSV lower respiratory tract illnesses in early childhood are an independent risk factor for the subsequent development of wheezing up to age 11 years but not at age 13. This association is not caused by an increased risk of allergic sensitisation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Leonard B. Bacharier
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Immunol Allergy Clin North Am
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Immunol Allergy Clin North Am
                Title: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0889-8561
                ISSN (Electronic): 1557-8607
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 March 2005
                Publication date (Print): February 2005
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 March 2005
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 45-66
                Affiliations
                Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author Bacharier_L@ 123456kids.wustl.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0889-8561(04)00099-2
                DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.011
                PMC ID: 7118995
                PubMed ID: 15579364
                SO-VID: e303e26e-2fe2-49a6-943b-7eb2bd162df2
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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