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      Analysis of Dipylidium caninum tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas : Part 1. Molecular characterization of Dipylidium caninum: genetic analysis supporting two distinct species adapted to dogs and cats Translated title: Analyse des ténias Dipylidium caninum des chiens et des chats, ou de leurs puces respectives : Partie 1. Caractérisation moléculaire de Dipylidium caninum : analyse génétique soutenant deux espèces distinctes adaptées aux chiens et aux chats

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          Abstract

          A 28S rDNA PCR detection assay was previously developed to identify Dipylidium caninum DNA inside single fleas collected from both cats and dogs. Sequence analysis of the 28S rDNA fragment indicated two genetically distinct variations of the target region. The two genotypes, so-called “ D.caninum canine genotype” and “ D.caninum feline genotype”, based on host origin, are further investigated and described in this paper. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and hydrolysis probe-based genotyping assays were developed and validated for genotyping D.caninum DNA. The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the “feline genotype” was sequenced and compared to the D.caninum mt genome available in GenBank. The molecular characterization of D.caninum isolates collected from infected fleas, and also proglottids collected from dogs and cats, confirmed the existence of two distinct genotypes. These genotypes are related to host origin (dogs or cats), irrespective of their geographical origin, and they present a biological adaptation to their respective host, as confirmed by the comparison of biological development and host preference in another study. The genetic differences (Part 1, present paper) and biological observations (Part 2, in this journal) enabled us to suggest the existence of two distinct species within D.caninum, which will have to be clarified.

          Translated abstract

          Un test PCR de détection de fragment de l’ADN ribosomal de Dipylidium caninum dans des puces récoltées sur chiens et chats a été précédemment développé. L’analyse des séquences de l’ADNr 28S a démontré la présence de deux génotypes distincts. Ces deux génotypes, appelés génotype canin et génotype félin sur la base de l’origine des isolats, sont étudiés et présentés dans cet article. L’hydrolyse de fragments d’ADN et l’analyse du polymorphisme de taille des sites de restriction ont été mise au point et validées pour génotyper l’ADN de D.caninum. Le séquençage complet du génome mitochondrial du génotype félin a été réalisé et comparé au génotype canin, dont le génome mitochondrial est disponible dans GenBank. L’analyse moléculaire des isolats de D.caninum collectés à partir de puces infectées, ou de proglottis issus de chiens et chats infestés confirme l’existence de deux génotypes distincts. Ces génotypes sont liés à l’hôte d’origine, chien ou chat, quelle que soit leur origine géographique, et ils présentent une adaptation biologique à leur hôte d’origine, comme confirmé dans une autre étude. Les différences génétiques (Partie 1, cet article) et les observations biologiques (Partie 2, dans ce journal) permettent de suggérer l’existence de deux espèces au sein de D.caninum, ce qui devra être clarifié.

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          Molecular phylogeny of the genus Taenia (Cestoda: Taeniidae): proposals for the resurrection of Hydatigera Lamarck, 1816 and the creation of a new genus Versteria.

          The cestode family Taeniidae generally consists of two valid genera, Taenia and Echinococcus. The genus Echinococcus is monophyletic due to a remarkable similarity in morphology, features of development and genetic makeup. By contrast, Taenia is a highly diverse group formerly made up of different genera. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest the paraphyly of Taenia. To clarify the genetic relationships among the representative members of Taenia, molecular phylogenies were constructed using nuclear and mitochondrial genes. The nuclear phylogenetic trees of 18S ribosomal DNA and concatenated exon regions of protein-coding genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and DNA polymerase delta) demonstrated that both Taenia mustelae and a clade formed by Taenia parva, Taenia krepkogorski and Taenia taeniaeformis are only distantly related to the other members of Taenia. Similar topologies were recovered in mitochondrial genomic analyses using 12 complete protein-coding genes. A sister relationship between T. mustelae and Echinococcus spp. was supported, especially in protein-coding gene trees inferred from both nuclear and mitochondrial data sets. Based on these results, we propose the resurrection of Hydatigera Lamarck, 1816 for T. parva, T. krepkogorski and T. taeniaeformis and the creation of a new genus, Versteria, for T. mustelae. Due to obvious morphological and ecological similarities, Taenia brachyacantha is also included in Versteria gen. nov., although molecular evidence is not available. Taenia taeniaeformis has been historically regarded as a single species but the present data clearly demonstrate that it consists of two cryptic species. Copyright © 2013 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats.

            The apparent prevalence of endoparasite infections across different age groups was calculated from 6555 dogs and 1566 cats that had a fecal examination performed upon presentation to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1997 and 2007. Based on notations from the medical history indicating prior parasite infections, estimates of recurrence were generated for each common group of parasites, including Trichuris, Giardia, ascarids, hookworms, Cystoisospora, and tapeworms. Endoparasitism was predominantly a disease of younger animals, with peak prevalence observed almost uniformly in dogs under 6 months old, with the exception of Trichuris with its longer pre-patent period, and in cats less than 18 months old. Furthermore, nearly 50% of dogs under 6 months old with a history of parasites, were diagnosed with at least one species of parasite on subsequent fecal examination. The percentage dropped to 18.4% in animals aged 1-4 years, but again increased to 31.5% in animals over 10 years old. There was no reported recurrence of Giardia or Cystoisospora from canine or feline patients older than 1 year. The recurrence of whipworm rose steadily with age, while hookworm and roundworm recurrence peaked in patients 1-4 years old. Findings from the study emphasize the importance of follow up fecal examinations and treatments in patients diagnosed with endoparasites.
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              An up-date of Verster's (1969) 'Taxonomic revision of the genus Taenia Linnaeus' (Cestoda) in table format.

              The paper 'A taxonomic revision of the genus Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 s. str.' (Verster, 1969) gives concise characterisations, together with drawings of rostellar hooks and the terminal genital organs, of the 32 Taenia species and three subspecies which this author found to be valid. Yet, it is hardly possible to quickly identify a questionable species or to readily access information on their hosts, geographical range and synonyms. The present paper compiles these data and additional information on larval characteristics into tables. Measurements and numbers of hooks are shown using a graph. Additional data are included from authors not mentioned by Verster and for seven new species (T. dinniki, T. jaipurensis, T. kotlani, T. madoquae, T. saigoni and T. simbae), two re-validated species (T. krepkogorski, T. retracta) and two subspecies (T. polyacantha arctica and T. saginata asiatica) described since 1969. Reasons for rejecting one new species and one new subspecies are given. A table of definitive hosts and the Taenia species occurring in them is also included, as is one of synonyms from 1850 onwards. A good procedure for the staining and mounting of cestodes is described.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2018
                28 May 2018
                : 25
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2018/01 )
                : 30
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon France
                [2 ] Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, 9321, Bloemfontein South Africa
                [3 ] Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Kathrinenhof Research Centre, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf Germany
                [4 ] École Nationale Vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
                [5 ] Clinvet, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, 9321, Bloemfontein South Africa
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: frederic.beugnet@ 123456merial.com
                [a]

                Michel Labuschagne and Frédéric Beugnet are first authors at equal position and contributed equally to this manuscript.

                Article
                parasite180011 10.1051/parasite/2018028
                10.1051/parasite/2018028
                6013089
                29806592
                e35c9a7b-a351-4ec7-8d99-a6bf9f5e0156
                © M. Labuschagne et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2018

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 January 2018
                : 21 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 17
                Categories
                Research Article

                dipylidium caninum,mitochondrial genome,ctenocephalides felis,dogs,cats,genotypes

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