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      Influence of introduced vs. native parasites on the body condition of migrant silver eels Translated title: Influence des parasites introduits vs natifs sur l’indice de condition des anguilles argentées migrantes

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          Abstract

          Because parasitism is among the reasons invoked to explain the collapse of Anguilla anguilla, we evaluated the parasitic constraint on body condition (BC) of migrant silver eels as a proxy of fitness with inter-site comparisons. Metazoan parasites were studied in 149 silver eels from five sites (northern Europe). In total, 89% were infected by 13 species including Myxozoa, Monogenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala. Anguillicoloides crassus was most common (56%), then Acanthocephalus clavula (30%), and Pseudodactylogyrus sp. (17%). BC, calculated for 58 females, was negatively correlated by abundance of the introduced Pseudodactylogyrus sp. but not by other parasite taxa. Nevertheless, the introduced A. crassus was considered as a severe pathogen based on previous data, whereas the native A. clavula was supposed to have limited impact. Parasite component communities and BC were different between sites. Silver eels from Stockholm Archipelago (Sweden) were the least parasitized (40% vs. 90–95% for other sites) with no parasites on the gills. Burrishoole (Ireland) differed by the absence of A. crassus and high prevalence of A. clavula (84%) but without consequences on BC. Gudenaa (Denmark), Corrib (Ireland), and Frémur (France) were close due to high prevalence of A. crassus (89–93%). Gudenaa and Corrib were the most similar because Pseudodactylogyrus sp. was also highly prevalent (respectively 71% and 60%) whereas absent in Frémur. Our results suggest that the fitness loss induced by the introduced parasites could affect the spawning success of migrant silver eels from Gudenaa and Corrib, and to a lesser extent from Frémur, but probably not those from Stockholm Archipelago and Burrishoole.

          Translated abstract

          Parce que le parasitisme figure parmi les raisons évoquées pour expliquer le déclin d’ Anguilla anguilla, nous avons évalué la contrainte parasitaire sur l’indice de condition (BC) comme mesure de la fitness chez des anguilles argentées en cours de migration avec une comparaison entre sites. Les métazoaires parasites ont été étudiés chez 149 anguilles argentées de 5 sites (Europe du Nord). Au total, 89 % étaient infectées par 13 espèces parmi les Myxozoa, Monogenea, Cestoda, Nematoda et Acanthocephala. Anguillicoloides crassus était la plus commune (56 %), puis Acanthocephalus clavula (30 %), et Pseudodactylogyrus sp. (17 %). Le BC, calculé pour 58 femelles, était négativement influencé par l’abondance du parasite introduit Pseudodactylogyrus sp. mais pas par les autres taxons. Néanmoins, A. crassus est considérée comme un pathogène introduit sévère selon les données déjà publiées, alors que l’espèce native A. clavula est supposée avoir un impact limité. Les communautés parasitaires et le BC étaient différents selon les sites. Les anguilles argentées de Stockholm Archipelago (Suède) étaient les moins parasitées (40 % vs. 90–95 % pour les autres sites) et n’abritaient pas de parasites dans leurs branchies. Burrishoole (Irlande) différait par l’absence d’ A. crassus et une forte prévalence d’ A. clavula (84 %) mais sans conséquences sur le BC. Gudenaa (Danemark), Corrib (Irlande) et Frémur (France) étaient proches en raison de la prévalence élevée d’ A. crassus (89–93 %). Gudenaa et Corrib étaient les plus similaires car Pseudodactylogyrus sp. était aussi fortement prévalent (respectivement 71 % et 60 %) mais absent dans le Frémur. Nos résultats suggèrent que la perte de fitness induite par les parasites introduits pourrait affecter le succès de la reproduction des anguilles argentées migrantes originaires de Gudenaa et Corrib, et dans une moindre mesure du Frémur, mais probablement pas de celles de Stockholm Archipelago et Burrishoole.

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          Combined effects of parasites and contaminants on animal health: parasites do matter.

          The cumulative effects of multiple stressors are becoming a priority concern for ecotoxicologists, ecologists and conservation biologists working to understand threats to ecosystems and species. In that context, parasites and pathogens are increasingly a focus of attention. Parasites interact with natural and anthropogenic stressors to increase mortality and reduce animal health in myriad ways in a wide spectrum of host and parasite taxa. The combined effects of parasites and other stressors can reduce either resistance or tolerance to infection. Recommendations are provided to guide further research. Crown Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Panmixia in the European eel: a matter of time...

            The European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) has been a prime example of the panmixia paradigm because of its extraordinary adaptation to the North Atlantic gyral system, semelparous spawning in the Sargasso Sea and long trans-oceanic migration. Recently, this view was challenged by the suggestion of a genetic structure characterized by an isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern. This is only likely if spawning subpopulations are spatially and/or temporally separated, followed by non-random larval dispersal. A limitation of previous genetic work on eels is the lack of replication over time to test for temporal stability of genetic structure. Here, we hypothesize that temporal genetic variation plays a significant role in explaining the spatial structure reported earlier for this species. We tested this by increasing the texture of geographical sampling and by including temporal replicates. Overall genetic differentiation among samples was low, highly significant and comparable with earlier studies (FST = 0.0014; p < 0.01). On the other hand, and in sharp contrast with current understandings, hierarchical analyses revealed no significant inter-location genetic heterogeneity and hence no IBD. Instead, genetic variation among temporal samples within sites clearly exceeded the geographical component. Our results provide support for the panmixia hypothesis and emphasize the importance of temporal replication when assessing population structure of marine fish species.
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              The effects of contaminants in European eel: a review.

              European eel (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) stocks are in decline in most of their geographical distribution and their status is considered below safe biological limits. Recently, there is an increasing awareness that spawner quality might be an essential element in the decline of the species since pollution by bioaccumulating chemical substances may have a large impact on the reproduction success of the eel. This review gives an overview of the literature on the effects of contaminants on the European eel and on the consequences on the biology and fitness of the eel in order to document the role of pollution in its decline. A variety of contaminants have been found to affect the eel. These contaminants may cause disturbance of the immune system, the reproduction system, the nervous system and the endocrine system and effects were reported on several levels of biological organization, from subcellular, organ, individual up to even population level. More extensive research is needed in order to evaluate how pollutants are detrimental to eel populations. Getting a comprehensive overview of the quality (including contamination levels, biomarker responses, lipid content and condition) of the silver eel population all over Europe seems to be an essential and urgent objective for the European eel management.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2013
                21 October 2013
                : 20
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2013/01 )
                : 38
                Affiliations
                [1 ] ECOBIO, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1 avenue du Général Leclerc 35042 Rennes France
                [2 ] UMR 7208 BOREA, CRESCO, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 38 rue du Port Blanc 35800 Dinard France
                [3 ] CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110 66860 Perpignan France
                [4 ] Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110 66860 Perpignan France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: claudia.gerard@ 123456univ-rennes1.fr
                Article
                parasite130073 10.1051/parasite/2013040
                10.1051/parasite/2013040
                3798887
                24135272
                e36b71ff-bc86-470b-9892-eade8f246c92
                © C. Gérard et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2013

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 August 2013
                : 09 October 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article

                anguilla anguilla,silver eels,metazoan parasite communities,introduced parasites,body condition

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