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      Threat cues and attentional bias in blood-injection-injury phobia and snake phobia Translated title: Señales de amenaza y sesgo atencional en la fobia a la sangre, inyecciones y heridas y en la fobia a las serpientes.

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          Abstract

          Abstract The aim of this research was to study the effect of a cue signalling the upcoming of a phobic picture on the electrocortical activity provoked by the disorder-relevant stimulus in in blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia and snake phobia. A sample of 13 BII phobia participants, 12 snake phobia individuals and 14 non-phobic controls underwent an S1-S2 task, where S1 was a word that described the content of a subsequent picture (blood-related, snake and neutral) that appeared 2 seconds later (S2). We obtained the P200 and P300 ERP amplitudes provoked by the pictures. Our results reveal that P200 did not differentiate between picture contents in BII phobia while, in contrast, snake and blood-related pictures provoked the largest responses in snake phobia participants. Both blood-related and snake pictures provoked greater P300 amplitudes than neutral pictures in all the groups. Threat cues reduced the electrocortical reaction of the BII phobia participants, possibly by the elicitation of anticipatory or regulatory responses. These results are indicative of a low automatic, exogenous attention towards the feared stimuli in BII phobia, as revealed by P200, probably related to a lack of attentional bias to the phobic object.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto de una señal que indica la aparición de una imagen fóbica sobre la actividad electrocortical provocada por el estímulo fóbico en personas con fobia a la sangre, inyecciones y heridas (SIH) y en fóbicos a las serpientes. Una muestra de 13 participantes con fobia SIH, 12 con fobia a las serpientes y 14 controles no fóbicos se sometieron a una tarea S1-S2, donde S1 era una palabra que describía el contenido de una imagen posterior (relacionada con sangre, serpientes o neutra) que aparecía 2 segundos después (S2). Obtuvimos las amplitudes de los potenciales evocados P200 y P300 provocados por las imágenes. Nuestros resultados revelaronn que P200 no diferenciaba entre el contenido de las imágenes en la fobia SIH mientras que, por el contrario, las imágenes relacionadas con serpientes y con sangre provocaron las mayores respuestas en los participantes con fobia a las serpientes. Tanto las imágenes relacionadas con sangre como las relacionadas con serpientes provocaron amplitudes de P300 mayores que las imágenes neutras en todos los grupos. Las señales de amenaza redujeron la reacción electrocortical de los fóbicos SIH, posiblemente porque desencadenaron respuestas anticipatorias o reguladoras. Estos resultados indican una baja atención exógena hacia los estímulos temidos en la fobia SIH, como lo revela P200, probablemente relacionada con una pérdida del sesgo atencional hacia su objeto fóbico.

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          Most cited references52

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          EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis

          We have developed a toolbox and graphic user interface, EEGLAB, running under the crossplatform MATLAB environment (The Mathworks, Inc.) for processing collections of single-trial and/or averaged EEG data of any number of channels. Available functions include EEG data, channel and event information importing, data visualization (scrolling, scalp map and dipole model plotting, plus multi-trial ERP-image plots), preprocessing (including artifact rejection, filtering, epoch selection, and averaging), independent component analysis (ICA) and time/frequency decompositions including channel and component cross-coherence supported by bootstrap statistical methods based on data resampling. EEGLAB functions are organized into three layers. Top-layer functions allow users to interact with the data through the graphic interface without needing to use MATLAB syntax. Menu options allow users to tune the behavior of EEGLAB to available memory. Middle-layer functions allow users to customize data processing using command history and interactive 'pop' functions. Experienced MATLAB users can use EEGLAB data structures and stand-alone signal processing functions to write custom and/or batch analysis scripts. Extensive function help and tutorial information are included. A 'plug-in' facility allows easy incorporation of new EEG modules into the main menu. EEGLAB is freely available (http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/) under the GNU public license for noncommercial use and open source development, together with sample data, user tutorial and extensive documentation.
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            ERPLAB: an open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials

            ERPLAB toolbox is a freely available, open-source toolbox for processing and analyzing event-related potential (ERP) data in the MATLAB environment. ERPLAB is closely integrated with EEGLAB, a popular open-source toolbox that provides many EEG preprocessing steps and an excellent user interface design. ERPLAB adds to EEGLAB’s EEG processing functions, providing additional tools for filtering, artifact detection, re-referencing, and sorting of events, among others. ERPLAB also provides robust tools for averaging EEG segments together to create averaged ERPs, for creating difference waves and other recombinations of ERP waveforms through algebraic expressions, for filtering and re-referencing the averaged ERPs, for plotting ERP waveforms and scalp maps, and for quantifying several types of amplitudes and latencies. ERPLAB’s tools can be accessed either from an easy-to-learn graphical user interface or from MATLAB scripts, and a command history function makes it easy for users with no programming experience to write scripts. Consequently, ERPLAB provides both ease of use and virtually unlimited power and flexibility, making it appropriate for the analysis of both simple and complex ERP experiments. Several forms of documentation are available, including a detailed user’s guide, a step-by-step tutorial, a scripting guide, and a set of video-based demonstrations.
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              A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation.

              In the present paper we present the outlines of a model that integrates autonomic, attentional, and affective systems into a functional and structural network that may help to guide us in our understanding of emotion regulation and dysregulation. We will emphasize the relationship between attentional regulation and affective processes and propose a group of underlying physiological systems that serve to integrate these functions in the service of self-regulation and adaptability of the organism. We will attempt to place this network in the context of dynamical systems models which involve feedback and feedforward circuits with special attention to negative feedback mechanisms, inhibitory processes, and their role in response selection. From a systems perspective, inhibitory processes can be viewed as negative feedback circuits that allow for the interruption of ongoing behavior and the re-deployment of resources to other tasks. When these negative feedback mechanisms are compromised, positive feedback loops may develop as a result (of dis-inhibition). From this perspective, the relative sympathetic activation seen in anxiety disorders may represent dis-inhibition due to faulty inhibitory mechanisms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                0212-9728
                1695-2294
                December 2021
                : 37
                : 3
                : 459-467
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameIMIB, Murcia Institute of Biomedical Research Spain
                [3] Moscow orgnameHSE University Russia
                [4] Murcia orgnameHospital Comarcal del Noroeste Spain
                [1] Murcia orgnameUniversidad de Murcia Spain
                Article
                S0212-97282021000300008 S0212-9728(21)03700300008
                10.6018/analesps.484051
                e3827403-113d-49dc-8af3-017a226b36a7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 June 2021
                : 04 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Brain and Behavior: A Neuroscientific / Psychophysiological Approach

                Attentional bias,Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia,Snake Phobia,Emotion,Event-Related Potentials,P200,P300,Sesgo atencional,Fobia a la sangre inyecciones y heridas,Fobia a las serpientes,Emoción,Potenciales evocados

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