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      Surveillance for Prion Disease in Cervids, Germany

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          Abstract

          An active survey on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was performed from 2002 to 2005 on 4,255 roe deer, 1,445 red deer, and 1,604 fallow deer in Germany. All cervids tested negative. This survey has been the largest in European wildlife and provides no evidence of prion diseases in free-living German cervids.

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          Atypical scrapie cases in Germany and France are identified by discrepant reaction patterns in BSE rapid tests.

          Thierry Baron, A-G Biacabe, J Madec … (2004)
          The intensified surveillance of scrapie in small ruminants in the European Union (EU) has resulted in a substantial increase of the number of diagnosed cases. Four rapid tests which have passed the EU evaluation for BSE testing of cattle are also recommended currently and used for the testing of small ruminants by the EU authorities. These tests include an indirect ELISA (cELISA), a colorimetric sandwich ELISA (sELISA I), a chemiluminescent sandwich ELISA (sELISA II), and a Western blot (WB). To this point, the majority of samples have been screened by using either sELISA I (predominantly in Germany) or WB (predominantly in France). In this study, it is shown that a number of the German and French scrapie cases show inconsistent results using rapid and confirmatory test methods. Forty-eight German sheep, 209 French sheep and 19 French goat transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) cases were tested. All cases were recognised by the sELISA I and either one of the confirmatory methods (scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF)-immunoblot or immunohistochemistry). Surprisingly, three rapid tests failed to detect a significant number of scrapie cases (29 in France and 24 in Germany). The possible reasons for these inconsistent reaction patterns of scrapie cases are discussed. Similar discrepancies have not been observed during rapid testing of cattle for BSE, the disease for which all diagnostic methods applied have been evaluated.
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            Field validation and assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chronic wasting disease in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni).

            David E. Andersen, Terry R. Spraker, Sami Salman … (2003)
            Tissue samples (n = 25,050 total) from 23,256 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected statewide in Colorado were examined for chronic wasting disease (CWD) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (brELISA), in a 2-phase study. In the validation phase of this study, a total of 4,175 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLN) or obex (OB) tissue samples were examined independently by brELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). There were 137 IHC-positive samples and 4,038 IHC-negative samples. Optical density (OD) values from brELISA were classified as "not detected" or "suspect" based on recommended cutoff values during the validation phase. Using IHC-positive cases as known CWD-infected individuals and assuming IHC-negative cases as uninfected, the relative sensitivity of brELISA depending on species ranged from 98.3% to 100% for RLN samples and 92.1% to 93.3% for OB samples; the relative specificity of brELISA depending on species ranged from 99.9% to 100% for RLN samples and was 100% for OB samples. Overall agreement between brELISA and IHC was > or = 97.6% in RLN samples and > or = 95.7% in OB samples of all species where values could be calculated; moreover, mean brELISA OD values were > or = 46X higher in IHC-positive samples than in IHC-negative samples. Discrepancies were observed only in early-stage cases of CWD. Based on the validation phase data, only RLN samples were collected for the field application phase of this study and only samples with brELISA OD values > 0.1 were examined by IHC. Among 20,875 RLN samples screened with brELISA during this second testing phase, 155 of 8,877 mule deer, 33 of 11,731 elk, and 9 of 267 white-tailed deer samples (197 total) had OD values > 0.1 and were further evaluated by IHC to confirm evidence of CWD infection. Of cases flagged for IHC follow-up, 143 of 155 mule deer, 29 of 33 elk, and all 9 white-tailed deer were confirmed positive. Mean (+/- SE) OD values for IHC-positive cases detected during the field application phase were comparable with those measured in RLN tissues during the validation phase. Based on these data, brELISA was determined to be an excellent rapid test for screening large numbers of samples in surveys designed to detect CWD infections in deer and elk populations.
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              Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Infectivity in Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)

              Andrew Cunningham, James Kirkwood, Michael N. Dawson … (2004)
              Of all the species exposed naturally to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent, the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), a nondomesticated bovine from Africa, appears to be the most susceptible to the disease. We present the results of mouse bioassay studies to show that, contrary to findings in cattle with BSE in which the tissue distribution of infectivity is the most limited recorded for any of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), infectivity in greater kudu with BSE is distributed in as wide a range of tissues as occurs in any TSE. BSE agent was also detected in skin, conjunctiva, and salivary gland, tissues in which infectivity has not previously been reported in any naturally occurring TSE. The distribution of infectivity in greater kudu with BSE suggests possible routes for transmission of the disease and highlights the need for further research into the distribution of TSE infectious agents in other host species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): February 2006
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 319-322
                Affiliations
                [* ]Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany;
                [† ]Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom;
                [‡ ]Cenas AG, Kulmbach, Germany;
                [§ ]Landesveterinär- und Lebensmitteluntersuchungsamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rostock, Germany;
                []University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Elvira Schettler, Brookstraße 21, D-24568 Oersdorf, Germany; email: elvira_schettler@ 123456freenet.de
                Article
                Publisher ID: 05-0970
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1202.050970
                PMC ID: 3373103
                PubMed ID: 16494763
                SO-VID: e3930324-a26f-47f7-b3ca-d6da7a42b90f
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: europe,roe deer,screening,cervids,germany,transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse),risk analysis,chronic wasting disease (cwd),fallow deer,prion disease,red deer
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: europe, roe deer, screening, cervids, germany, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), risk analysis, chronic wasting disease (cwd), fallow deer, prion disease, red deer

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