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      Epidemiological Characterization of Skin Fungal Infections Between the Years 2006 and 2010 in Korea

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The purpose of this study was to build and provide a basic database of skin fungal infections for the effective management of skin fungal infections in the future.

          Methods

          We collected health insurance data between the years 2006 and 2010 from the Health Insurance Corporation (Seoul, Korea) and analyzed the data to determine the prevalence and treatment management of skin fungal infections.

          Results

          Skin fungal infections were divided into two groups: namely dermatophytosis and other superficial mycoses. Dermatophytosis showed a higher prevalence (16,035,399 cases) than the other superficial mycoses (794,847 cases) within the study period. The prevalence rate decreased consecutively by 0.01% to 0.19% every year. The prevalence according to region showed that Jeolla-do had a high prevalence distribution. The prevalences in men and women were similar (7.01% vs. 6.26%). It is interesting to note that adults from the 50–79-year age group showed a higher prevalence than children and young adults. The average convalescence time (days) of dermatophytosis was longer than that of other superficial mycoses. The total medical expenses were also much higher in dermatophytosis than in the other superficial mycoses.

          Conclusion

          This study provides useful data for study trends of skin fungal infections.

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          Most cited references20

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          Dermatophyte infections.

          B L Hainer (2003)
          Dermatophytes are fungi that require keratin for growth. These fungi can cause superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatophytes are spread by direct contact from other people (anthropophilic organisms), animals (zoophilic organisms), and soil (geophilic organisms), as well as indirectly from fomites. Dermatophyte infections can be readily diagnosed based on the history, physical examination, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy. Diagnosis occasionally requires Wood's lamp examination and fungal culture or histologic examination. Topical therapy is used for most dermatophyte infections. Cure rates are higher and treatment courses are shorter with topical fungicidal allylamines than with fungistatic azoles. Oral therapy is preferred for tinea capitis, tinea barbae, and onychomycosis. Orally administered griseofulvin remains the standard treatment for tinea capitis. Topical treatment of onychomycosis with ciclopirox nail lacquer has a low cure rate. For onychomycosis, "pulse" oral therapy with the newer imidazoles (itraconazole or fluconazole) or allylamines (terbinafine) is considerably less expensive than continuous treatment but has a somewhat lower mycologic cure rate. The diagnosis of onychomycosis should be confirmed by KOH microscopy, culture, or histologic examination before therapy is initiated, because of the expense, duration, and potential adverse effects of treatment.
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            Epidemiology of dermatophytoses: retrospective analysis from 2005 to 2010 and comparison with previous data from 1975.

            Gino Vena, Paolo Chieco, Filomena Posa … (2012)
            Dermatophyte infections are extremely frequent worldwide and their epidemiological features vary according to the geographical area and have changed in the last decades. We studied the spectrum of dermatophytoses by means of a retrospective analysis involving 6,133 patients referred to the Mycology Service of the Dermatology Clinic of Policlinico Hospital - University of Bari, Italy during the period 2005-2010. The most frequent clinical forms were tinea unguium (39.2% of the total dermatophytoses), tinea corporis (22.7%) and tinea pedis (20.4%). There was a predominance of women for tinea unguium and corporis and of men for tinea pedis and especially tinea cruris. T. rubrum was the prevalent causative agent, implicated in 64% of total cases, followed by M. canis (14%) and T. mentagrophytes (10%). The retrospective evaluation of epidemiological data collected at our Clinic since 1975 showed a gradual decrease in the frequency of tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and tinea capitis over time. On the contrary, during the past two decades, there has been a progressive increase in the frequency of tinea pedis and especially of tinea unguium. In parallel with this changing pattern, the frequency of isolation of T. rubrum has shown a continuous increase during the last 35 years, whereas a progressive decline of the etiological role of T. violaceum, M. canis and even more of E. floccosum has been noted.
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              Is Open Access

              The prevalence of common skin infections in four districts in Timor-Leste: a cross sectional survey

              Milena dos Santos, Salvador Amaral, Sonia Harmen … (2010)
              Background Skin infections are a common public health problem in developing countries; however, they are rarely managed using a population based approach. Recent data on the burden of skin infections in Timor-Leste are limited. Our survey appears to be the only widespread survey conducted in more than 30 years and was designed to determine the baseline prevalence of some common skin infections in Timor-Leste. Methods We conducted a cross sectional survey in 14 sites including community health clinics, schools and hospitals within four different geographical regions. Participants were examined for five conditions (scabies, pyoderma, fungal infections, leprosy and yaws) by a multidisciplinary team. Analyses were conducted using EpiInfo version 6.04d. Results We examined the skin of 1535 participants aged between four months and 97 years. The majority of participants were male, aged between 11 and 20 years and had at least one condition of interest (56.0%, 56.0%, and 63.1%, respectively). Fungal infections were the most common presentation (39.0%) and males were more commonly affected than females (42.3% vs 34.0%, respectively, pvalue < 0.0001). Among those people with more than one condition the two most common co-infections were scabies with either pyoderma or a fungal infection (38.0% and 32.0%, respectively). The survey identified 29 previously undiagnosed cases of leprosy and six cases of yaws. Conclusions Our findings indicate the need for a comprehensive programme to address these conditions. There are successful disease control programmes in place within the country and it is hoped a healthy skin programme could be integrated into an established disease control programme in order to maximise health benefits and resources.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Young Kwon Kim
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Osong Public Health Res Perspect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Osong Public Health Res Perspect
                Title: Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
                Publisher: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 2210-9099
                ISSN (Electronic): 2233-6052
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 November 2015
                Publication date (Print): December 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 November 2015
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 341-345
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
                [b ]Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
                [c ]Division of Quarantine Support, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
                [d ]Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, Wonju, Korea
                [e ]Department of Emergency Medical Service, College of Medical Sciences, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. ykkim3245@ 123456konyang.ac.kr
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2210-9099(15)30065-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.012
                PMC ID: 4700767
                PubMed ID: 26835243
                SO-VID: e3a49050-9a4a-49dd-bc7c-2608341335f1
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. All rights reserved.
                History
                Date received : 6 October 2015
                Date accepted : 28 October 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: dermatophytosis,prevalence rate,skin fungal infection,superficial mycoses
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dermatophytosis, prevalence rate, skin fungal infection, superficial mycoses

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