Effect of Plasmapheresis on Serum Beta-Endorphin Levels

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Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of plasmapheresis on serum β-endorphin (BE) levels. Method: The serum BE levels of 12 patients with various autoimmune or hematological disorders were monitored during plasmapheresis therapy. Results: BE levels increased after the initial session in 8 of 12 patients; in the remaining 4 patients no change (n = 2) or a decline (n = 2) in BE levels was found. However, no further changes were observed during subsequent therapy. During the last session, an elevation in the BE level was detected in 5 patients, with no change in 1 and a decrease in BE level in another 5 patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that although plasmapheresis results in an elevation in serum BE levels initially, this change does not persist during subsequent sessions.

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Mechanisms of brain-mediated systemic anti-inflammatory syndrome causing immunodepression.

C Woiciechowsky, B Schöning, W Lanksch … (1999)

Overwhelming inflammatory immune response can result in systemic inflammation and septic shock. To prevent excessive and deleterious action of proinflammatory cytokines after they have produced their initial beneficial effects, the immune system can release several anti-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, thus initiating a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. However, in vivo the delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is additionally controlled by the central nervous system. Therefore, proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhance sympathetic nerve system activity. The mediators of these neuroimmune pathways can again suppress immune cell functions to control systemic inflammation. The question is, however, what happens if the immunoinhibitory CNS pathways are activated without systemic inflammation? This can result from production of cytokines in the brain following infection, injury, or ischemia or in response to various stressors (e.g., life events, depression, anxiety) or directly from brainstem irritation. The answer is that this may generate a brain-mediated immunodepression. Many animal and clinical studies have demonstrated a stress and brain cytokine mediated decrease in the cellular immune response at the lymphocyte level. More recently, the importance of monocytes in systemic immunocapacity has been shown. Monocytic inactivation with decreased capability of antigen presentation and depressed secretion of proinflammatory cytokines increases the risk of infectious complications. Interestingly, cytokines in the brain and other stressors can also generate systemic immunodepression at the monocyte level. In this scenario the catecholamine-induced release of the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 is a newly discovered mechanism of the brain-mediated monocyte deactivation in addition to the "well known" immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids. Furthermore, other neuropeptides such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin which can be released in stressful situations have also inhibitory effects on immune cells. Thus mediators of the CNS are implicated in the regulation of immune functions and may play a role in both conditioning the host's response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli and generating a "brain-mediated" immunodepression.

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Subcellular pathways of beta-endorphin synthesis, processing, and release from immunocytes in inflammatory pain.

Shaaban A Mousa, Mehdi Shakibaei, Nicolle Sitte … (2004)

The opioid peptide beta-endorphin (END) as well as mRNA for its precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) are found not only in the pituitary gland, but also within various types of immune cells infiltrating inflamed sc tissue. During stressful stimuli END is released and interacts with peripheral opioid receptors to inhibit pain. However, the subcellular pathways of POMC processing and END release have not yet been delineated in inflammatory cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of POMC, carboxypeptidase E, the prohormone convertases 1 (PC1), and 2 (PC2), PC2-binding protein 7B2, and the release of END from inflammatory cells in rats. Using immunohistochemistry we detected END and POMC alone or colocalized with PC1, PC2, carboxypeptidase E, and 7B2 in macrophages/monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes of the blood and within inflamed sc paw tissue. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that END is localized within secretory granules packed in membranous structures in macrophages, monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes. Finally, END is released by noradrenaline from immune cells in vitro. Taken together, our results indicate that immune cells express the entire machinery required for POMC processing into functionally active peptides such as END and are able to release these peptides from secretory granules.

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Influence of Plasma Exchange on Serum Levels of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in ANCA-Positive Renal Vasculitis

V. Tesar, E Jelínková, Z Masek … (1998)

Background: Increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to the organ damage in active antineutrophil cytoplasmic antigen (ANCA)-positive renal vasculitis. Plasma exchange (PE) may influence the activity of vasculitis not only by removing pathogenic autoantibodies, but also by lowering the serum levels of circulating cytokines. Methods: Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were measured using ELISA in 10 patients with active ANCA-positive renal vasculitis (5 patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis, WG, and 5 patients with microscopic polyangiitis, MPA) during the course of therapeutic PE. Cytokines and adhesion molecules were measured in samples of serum obtained at the beginning and at the end of the 1st, 3rd and 5th PE and in samples of filtrate obtained during the same PE. Results: In comparison with controls, patients with ANCA had higher serum levels of IL-1ra, IL-8, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 before the 1st PE. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were increased in patients with MPA, and the serum levels of all the cytokines and adhesion molecules measured in patients with WG were increased. At the end of the PE course there were decreases in the serum levels of IL-1ra and VCAM-1 in ANCA patients and IL-1ra and ICAM-1 in WG patients. Single PE in ANCA patients led only to a decrease in serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. On the other hand, there was no change in serum levels of IL-1β and IL-8, and the serum levels of IL-1ra and IL-6 even increased at the end of a single PE, in spite of high levels of all cytokines and adhesion molecules in the plasma filtrate. Conclusion: Serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules decrease after PE, but serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines are not reduced even by a PE course. Removal of these substances by PE is obviously counteracted by their increased production, possibly further stimulated by the contact of blood with the synthetic membrane. The insufficient influence of PE on the elimination of proinflammatory cytokines may partially explain its limited effect in some patients with ANCA-positive renal vasculitis.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): BPU

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Blood Purif

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0253-5068

Title: Blood Purification

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0253-5068

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9735

Publication date Subscription-year: 2005

Publication date (Print): March 2005

Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2005

Volume: 23

Issue: 2

Pages: 141-143

Affiliations

^aPolyclinic, Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God, and ^bSt. Margaret Hospital, ^cHungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary

Article

Publisher ID: 83587 Other ID: Blood Purif 2005;23:141–143

DOI: 10.1159/000083587

PubMed ID: 15668524

SO-VID: e3b4d5d2-d379-407c-840b-a1d266e14cee

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Effect of Plasmapheresis on Serum Beta-Endorphin Levels

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Most cited references 12

Mechanisms of brain-mediated systemic anti-inflammatory syndrome causing immunodepression.

Subcellular pathways of beta-endorphin synthesis, processing, and release from immunocytes in inflammatory pain.

Influence of Plasma Exchange on Serum Levels of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in ANCA-Positive Renal Vasculitis

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