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      Efecto antibacteriano del extracto metanólico de Salix babylonica sobre bacterias de importancia en salud pública Translated title: Antibacterial effect of the methanol extract of Salix babylonica against important bacteria in public Health

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El uso excesivo de antimicrobianos ha generado resistencia de los microorganismos a estos, se han buscado alternativas que sean eficaces para el tratamiento de enfermedades producidas por microorganismos resistentes o multirresistentes a antibióticos, dentro de estas alternativas están las plantas, las cuales por su contenido de compuesto secundarios presentan actividad antibacteriana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar y determinar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de Salix babylonica (SB) sobre bacterias de importancia en salud pública. Para la obtención del extracto se utilizó la técnica de maceración, se realizó una caracterización química cualitativa y cuantitativa por cromatografía de gases. Para determinar la actividad antibacteriana, se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) y la Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB) y la caracterización del extracto permitió identificar compuestos fenólicos, cumarinas, lactonas, flavonoles, quinonas, saponinas, triterpenos y compuestos esteroidales, además de Timol (0.5319 mg/mL) y Carvacrol (0.4158 mg/ml). Con respecto a la actividad antibacteriana la mejor actividad se presentó contra Bacillus. subtillis (CMI: 12.5 mg/mL y CMB: 25 mg/mL), Listeria. monocytogenes y Staphylococcus. aureus (CMI: 25 mg/mL y CMB: 50 mg/mL). Se concluye que el extracto metanólico de SB puede ser una alternativa para el tratamiento de enfermedades producidas por bacterias resistentes o multirresistentes a antibióticos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The excessive use of antibiotics, has generated resistance of microorganisms to these, have been searched effectives alternatives for treating diseases caused by resistant or multiresistant microorganism, and within of these alternatives are plants, which by its content of secondary compounds have antibacterial activity. The aim on the present experiment was characterize and determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Salix babylonica (SB) against important bacteria in public health. To obtain extract, the maceration technique was used, qualitative and quantitative (gas chromatography) chemical characterization was carried. For antibacterial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined, the characterization of the extract allowed the identification of phenolic compounds, coumarins, lactones, flavonols, quinones, saponins, triterpenes and steroidal compounds, also Thymol (0.5319 mg/mL) and Carvacrol (0.4158 mg/mL). The extract showed the best activity against Bacillus. subtilis (MIC: 12.5 mg/mL and WBC: 25 mg/mL), Listeria. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus. aureus (MIC: 25 mg/mL and MBC: 50 mg/mL). It is concluded that the methanolic extract of SB can be an alternative for the treatment of diseases produced by resistant or multiresistant bacteria to antibiotics.

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          Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review

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            Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci

            In the present study, we have evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha piperita, and Melaleuca alternifolia against 32 erythromycin-resistant [Mininum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ≥1 μg/mL; inducible, constitutive, and efflux-mediated resistance phenotype; erm(TR), erm(B), and mef(A) genes] and cell-invasive Group A streptococci (GAS) isolated from children with pharyngotonsillitis in Italy. Over the past decades erythromycin resistance in GAS has emerged in several countries; strains combining erythromycin resistance and cell invasiveness may escape β-lactams because of intracellular location and macrolides because of resistance, resulting in difficulty of eradication and recurrent pharyngitis. Thyme and origanum essential oils demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity with MICs ranging from 256 to 512 μg/mL. The phenolic monoterpene carvacrol [2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) phenol] is a major component of the essential oils of Origanum and Thymus plants. MICs of carvacrol ranged from 64 to 256 μg/mL. In the live/dead assay several dead cells were detected as early as 1 h after incubation with carvacrol at the MIC. In single-step resistance selection studies no resistant mutants were obtained. A synergistic action of carvacrol and erythromycin was detected by the checkerboard assay and calculation of the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) Index. A 2- to 2048-fold reduction of the erythromycin MIC was documented in checkerboard assays. Synergy (FIC Index ≤0.5) was found in 21/32 strains and was highly significant (p < 0.01) in strains where resistance is expressed only in presence of erythromycin. Synergy was confirmed in 17/23 strains using 24-h time-kill curves in presence of carvacrol and erythromycin. Our findings demonstrated that carvacrol acts either alone or in combination with erythromycin against erythromycin-resistant GAS and could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic tool.
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              Studies of the in vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of selected Yemeni medicinal plants from the island Soqotra

              Background Recent years have witnessed that there is a revival of interest in drug discovery from medicinal plants for the maintenance of health in all parts of the world. The aim of this work was to investigate 26 plants belonging to 17 families collected from a unique place in Yemen (Soqotra Island) for their in vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methods The 26 plants were extracted with methanol and hot water to yield 52 extracts. Evaluation for in vitro anticancer activity was done against three human cancer cell lines (A-427, 5637 and MCF-7) by using an established microtiter plate assay based on cellular staining with crystal violet. Antimicrobial activity was tested against three Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria, one yeast species and three multiresistant Staphylococcus strains by using an agar diffusion method and the determination of MIC against three Gram-positive bacteria with the broth micro-dilution assay. Antioxidant activity was investigated by measuring the scavenging activity of the DPPH radical. Moreover, a phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts was done. Results Notable cancer cell growth inhibition was observed for extracts from Ballochia atro-virgata, Eureiandra balfourii and Hypoestes pubescens, with IC50 values ranging between 0.8 and 8.2 μg/ml. The methanol extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum, Boswellia dioscorides, Boswellia socotrana, Commiphora ornifolia and Euphorbia socotrana also showed noticeable antiproliferative potency with IC50 values 15 mm and MIC values ≤ 250 μg/ml. In addition, the methanolic extracts of Acacia pennivenia, Boswellia dioscorides, Boswellia socotrana and Commiphora ornifolia showed good antioxidant potential at low concentrations (more than 80% at 50 μg/ml). Conclusion Our results show once again that medicinal plants can be promising sources of natural products with potential anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidative activity. The results will guide the selection of some plant species for further pharmacological and phytochemical investigations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                av
                Abanico veterinario
                Abanico vet
                Sergio Martínez González (Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico )
                2007-428X
                2448-6132
                December 2020
                : 10
                : e3
                Affiliations
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Mexico
                [5] Valdivia orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Chile
                [3] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Mexico
                [2] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias Mexico
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí orgdiv1Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria Mexico
                Article
                S2448-61322020000100103 S2448-6132(20)01000000103
                10.21929/abavet2020.1
                e3bb9177-5b0e-4e6b-8c57-fa32ca4d5710

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 September 2019
                : 25 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Mexico

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                Artículos originales

                antibacterial effect,Salix babylonica,caracterización,efecto antibacteriano,characterization

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