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      Tobacco related knowledge and support for smoke-free policies among community pharmacists in Lagos state, Nigeria Translated title: Conocimiento sobre el tabaco y apoyo a las políticas sin humo entre los farmacéuticos comunitarios del estado de Lagos, Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Background: There are no safe levels of exposure to second hand smoke and smoke-free policies are effective in reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases and death. Pharmacists, as a unique group of health professionals, might be able to play a role in the promotion of smoke-free policies. Objective: To determine the tobacco-related knowledge of community pharmacists and assess their support for smoke-free policies in Lagos state, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design using both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. Two hundred and twelve randomly selected community pharmacists were surveyed using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. In addition, one focus group discussion was conducted with ten members of the Lagos state branch of the Association of Community Pharmacists of Nigeria. Results: The quantitative survey revealed that the majority (72.1%) of the respondents were aged between 20 and 40 years, predominantly male (60.8%), Yoruba (50.2%) or Igbo (40.3%) ethnicity and had been practicing pharmacy for ten years or less (72.2%). A majority (90.1%) of respondents were aware that tobacco is harmful to health. Slightly less (75.8%) were aware that second hand smoke is harmful to health. Among the listed diseases, pharmacists responded that lung (84.4%) and esophageal (68.9%) cancers were the most common diseases associated with tobacco use. Less than half of those surveyed associated tobacco use with heart disease (46.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (27.8%), bladder cancer (47.2%), peripheral vascular disease (35.8%) and sudden death (31.1%). Only 51.9% had heard of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). A little over half of the respondents (53.8%) were aware of any law in Nigeria controlling tobacco use. The majority of respondents supported a ban on smoking in homes (83.5%), in public places (79.2%), and in restaurants, nightclubs and bars (73.6%). For every additional client attended to daily, knowledge scores increased by 0.022 points. Current smokers were 1.3 times less likely to support smoke-free policies compared with non-smokers. The findings emanating from the focus group discussion reinforced the fact that the pharmacists were in support of smoke-free policies particularly in homes and public places. It also demonstrated that most of them were aware of the health risks associated with tobacco use and second hand smoke however some misconceptions seemed to exist. Conclusion: The pharmacists surveyed expressed support of smoke-free policies and most of them were aware of the health risks associated with tobacco use. However, awareness of WHO FCTC and country-level tobacco legislation was low. Current smokers were less likely to support smoke-free policies. Community pharmacists should therefore be considered worth engaging for the promotion of smoke-free policies. Efforts should also be made to educate pharmacists about country level smoke-free laws.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: No hay niveles seguros de exposición de fumador pasivo y las políticas de sin-humo han mostrado ser efectivas en la reducción del daño de las enfermedades y muertes producidas por tabaco. Los farmacéuticos, como grupo destacado de profesionales de la salud, pueden jugar un papel en la promoción de políticas sin-humo. Objetivo: Determinar el conocimiento sobre el tabaco de los farmacéuticos comunitarios y su apoyo a políticas sin-humo en el estado de Lagos, Nigeria. Métodos: Se utilizó un estudio transversal usando tanto métodos cuantitativos como cualitativos. Se entrevistó a 212 farmacéuticos comunitarios aleatoriamente seleccionados utilizando un cuestionario auto-administrado pre-pilotado. Además, se realizó una discusión en grupo focal con 10 farmacéuticos de la sección del estado de Lagos de la Asociación de Farmacéuticos Comunitarios de Nigeria. Resultados: El cuestionario cuantitativo reveló que la mayoría (72,1%) de los respondentes tenían entre 20 y 40 años, eran predominantemente hombres (60,8%), de las etnias Yoruba (50,2%) o Igbo (40,3%) y estaban ejerciendo durante 10 años o menos (72,2%). La mayoría (90,1%) sabía que el tabaco es malo para la salud. Ligeramente menos (75,8%) sabía que ser fumador pasivo es malo para la salud. Entre las enfermedades identificadas, los farmacéuticos respondieron que los canceres de pulmón (84,4%) y de esófago (68,9%) eran las enfermedades más frecuentemente asociadas con el tabaco. Menos de la mitad de los entrevistados asoció el tabaco con enfermedad cardiaca (46,9%), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (27,8%), cáncer de vejiga (47,2%), enfermedad vascular periférica (35,8%) y muerte súbita (31,1%). Sólo el 51,9% había oído sobre el World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Algo más de la mitad de los respondentes (53,8%) conocía la ley en Nigeria sobre el control de tabaco. La mayoría de los respondentes apoyaba la prohibición de fumar en los hogares (83,5%), en lugares públicos (79,2%) y en restaurantes, clubs nocturnos y bares (73,6%). Por cada cliente de más atendido en la farmacia, las puntuaciones de conocimiento crecían en 0.022 puntos. Los actuales fumadores tenían 1,3 veces menos de probabilidad de apoyar políticas sin-humo que los no fumadores. Los hallazgos del grupo focal reforzaron el hecho de que los farmacéuticos apoyan las políticas sin-humo, especialmente en los hogares y lugares públicos. También demostraron que la mayoría de ellos conocían los riesgos del tabaco y de los fumadores pasivos, aunque parecía haber algunos errores de concepto. Conclusión: Los farmacéuticos entrevistados apoyaron las políticas sin-humo y la mayoría conocía los riesgos asociados al uso de tabaco. Sin embardo, el conocimiento del WHO FCTC y de la legislación era bajo. Era menos probable que los fumadores apoyasen las políticas sin-humo. Debería considerarse valioso enrolar a los farmacéuticos comunitarios en la promoción de políticas sin-humo. Deberían realizarse esfuerzos para educar a los farmacéuticos sobre la legislación nacional sobre tabaco.

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          Most cited references43

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          Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          A systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed to determine the association between public smoking bans and risk for hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Secondhand smoke (SHS) is associated with a 30% increase in risk of AMI, which might be reduced by prohibiting smoking in work and public places. PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases plus bibliographies of relevant studies and reviews were searched for peer-reviewed original articles published from January 1, 2004, through April 30, 2009, using the search terms "smoking ban" and "heart" or "myocardial infarct." Investigators supplied additional data. All published peer-reviewed original studies identified were included. Incidence rates of AMI per 100,000 person-years before and after implementation of the smoking bans and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Random effects meta-analyses estimated the overall effect of the smoking bans. Funnel plot and meta-regression assessed heterogeneity among studies. Using 11 reports from 10 study locations, AMI risk decreased by 17% overall (IRR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75 to 0.92), with the greatest effect among younger individuals and nonsmokers. The IRR incrementally decreased 26% for each year of observation after ban implementation. Smoking bans in public places and workplaces are significantly associated with a reduction in AMI incidence, particularly if enforced over several years.
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            The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014Us Department of Health and Human Services Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for: Critique

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              Declines in acute myocardial infarction after smoke-free laws and individual risk attributable to secondhand smoke.

              The estimated effects of recent pubic and workplace smoking restriction laws suggest that they produce significant declines in community rates of heart attack. The consistency of these declines with existing estimates of the relative risk of heart attack in individuals attributable to passive smoking exposure is poorly understood. The objective is to determine the consistency of estimates of reductions in community rates of heart attacks resulting from smoking restriction laws with estimates of the relative risk of heart disease in individuals exposed to passive smoking. Meta-analyses of existing estimates of declines in community rates were compared with a mathematical model of the relationship between individual risk and community rates. The outcome measure is the ratio of community rates of acute myocardial infarction (after divided by before implementation of a smoking restriction law). There is a significant drop in the rate of acute myocardial infarction hospital admissions associated with the implementation of strong smoke-free legislation. The primary reason for heterogeneity in results of different studies is the duration of follow-up after adoption of the law. The pooled random-effects estimate of the rate of acute myocardial infarction hospitalization 12 months after implementation of the law is 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.80 to 0.87), and this benefit grows with time. This drop in admissions is consistent with a range of plausible individual risk and exposure scenarios. Passage of strong smoke-free legislation produces rapid and substantial benefits in terms of reduced acute myocardial infarctions, and these benefits grow with time.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pharmacy
                Pharmacy Practice (Granada)
                Pharmacy Pract (Granada)
                Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmacéuticas (Redondela )
                1885-642X
                March 2015
                : 13
                : 1
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Lagos Nigeria
                [2 ] University of Lagos Nigeria
                [3 ] University of Kansas Medical Center
                [4 ] University of Kansas Medical Center United States
                Article
                S1885-642X2015000100002
                b38021ec-f954-44a0-9bc6-4d595e0f3113

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Smoking,Smoking Cessation,Smoke-Free Policy,Pharmacists,Pharmacies,Professional Role,Nigeria,Hábito de Fumar,Cese del Tabaquismo,Política para Fumadores,Farmacéuticos,Farmacias,Papel Profesional

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