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      Statistical Research on the Bioactivity of New Marine Natural Products Discovered during the 28 Years from 1985 to 2012

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          Abstract

          Every year, hundreds of new compounds are discovered from the metabolites of marine organisms. Finding new and useful compounds is one of the crucial drivers for this field of research. Here we describe the statistics of bioactive compounds discovered from marine organisms from 1985 to 2012. This work is based on our database, which contains information on more than 15,000 chemical substances including 4196 bioactive marine natural products. We performed a comprehensive statistical analysis to understand the characteristics of the novel bioactive compounds and detail temporal trends, chemical structures, species distribution, and research progress. We hope this meta-analysis will provide useful information for research into the bioactivity of marine natural products and drug development.

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          Most cited references93

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          The NCI60 human tumour cell line anticancer drug screen.

          The US National Cancer Institute (NCI) 60 human tumour cell line anticancer drug screen (NCI60) was developed in the late 1980s as an in vitro drug-discovery tool intended to supplant the use of transplantable animal tumours in anticancer drug screening. This screening model was rapidly recognized as a rich source of information about the mechanisms of growth inhibition and tumour-cell kill. Recently, its role has changed to that of a service screen supporting the cancer research community. Here I review the development, use and productivity of the screen, highlighting several outcomes that have contributed to advances in cancer chemotherapy.
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            Challenges of antibacterial discovery.

            The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
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              Genomic insights to SAR86, an abundant and uncultivated marine bacterial lineage

              Bacteria in the 16S rRNA clade SAR86 are among the most abundant uncultivated constituents of microbial assemblages in the surface ocean for which little genomic information is currently available. Bioinformatic techniques were used to assemble two nearly complete genomes from marine metagenomes and single-cell sequencing provided two more partial genomes. Recruitment of metagenomic data shows that these SAR86 genomes substantially increase our knowledge of non-photosynthetic bacteria in the surface ocean. Phylogenomic analyses establish SAR86 as a basal and divergent lineage of γ-proteobacteria, and the individual genomes display a temperature-dependent distribution. Modestly sized at 1.25–1.7 Mbp, the SAR86 genomes lack several pathways for amino-acid and vitamin synthesis as well as sulfate reduction, trends commonly observed in other abundant marine microbes. SAR86 appears to be an aerobic chemoheterotroph with the potential for proteorhodopsin-based ATP generation, though the apparent lack of a retinal biosynthesis pathway may require it to scavenge exogenously-derived pigments to utilize proteorhodopsin. The genomes contain an expanded capacity for the degradation of lipids and carbohydrates acquired using a wealth of tonB-dependent outer membrane receptors. Like the abundant planktonic marine bacterial clade SAR11, SAR86 exhibits metabolic streamlining, but also a distinct carbon compound specialization, possibly avoiding competition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Mar Drugs
                Mar Drugs
                marinedrugs
                Marine Drugs
                MDPI
                1660-3397
                07 January 2015
                January 2015
                : 13
                : 1
                : 202-221
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism (Sun Yat-sen University), Bureau of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: hyw6@ 123456mail2.sysu.edu.cn (Y.H.); huguping@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (G.H.); yujchen@ 123456mail2.sysu.edu.cn (J.Y.); ceslyc@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (Y.L.)
                [2 ]Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: chenjh96@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (J.C.); zhuxun8@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (X.Z.)
                [4 ]School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
                [5 ]School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: chenshp@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (S.C.); yuanjie@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8733-5868 (J.Y.); +86-756-3668559 (S.C.); Fax: +86-20-8733-0209 (J.Y.); +86-756-3668259 (S.C.).
                Article
                marinedrugs-13-00202
                10.3390/md13010202
                4306932
                25574736
                e3c5ade9-26ba-4e5f-bce3-f2ad0c0cec6d
                © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 September 2014
                : 22 December 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                bioactivity,marine natural products,quantitative analysis,novel compounds

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