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      RETINAL TOXICITIES OF CANCER THERAPY DRUGS : Biologics, Small Molecule Inhibitors, and Chemotherapies

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          Abstract

          To review reported retinal side effects from current cancer therapy drugs.

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          Most cited references95

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          Human cutaneous melanoma; a review of NRAS and BRAF mutation frequencies in relation to histogenetic subclass and body site.

          A majority of cutaneous melanomas show activating mutations in the NRAS or BRAF proto-oncogenes, components of the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signal transduction pathway. Consistent data demonstrate the early appearance, in a mutually exclusive manner, of these mutations. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure. Common alterations of the signal transducing network seem to represent molecular hallmarks of cutaneous melanomas and therefore should continue to strongly stimulate design and testing of targeted molecular interventions.
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            Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor PD-0325901 in patients with advanced cancers.

            To determine tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PD-0325901, a highly potent, selective, oral mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 1/2 inhibitor in advanced cancer patients. Sixty-six patients received PD-0325901 at doses from 1 mg once daily to 30 mg twice daily (BID). Cycles were 28 days; three administration schedules were evaluated. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed and tumor biopsies were done to evaluate pharmacodynamics. Common adverse events were rash, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and visual disturbances including retinal vein occlusion (RVO; n = 3). Neurotoxicity was frequent in patients receiving >or=15 mg BID. The maximum tolerated dose, 15 mg BID continuously, was associated with late-onset RVO outside the dose-limiting toxicity window. An alternative dose and schedule, 10 mg BID 5 days on/2 days off, was therefore expanded; one RVO event occurred. Three of 48 evaluable patients with melanoma achieved confirmed partial responses; 10 had stable disease >or=4 months. PD-0325901 exposure was generally dose proportional. Doses >or=2 mg BID consistently caused >or=60% suppression of phosphorylated ERK in melanoma. Fifteen patients showed significant decreases (>or=50%) in Ki-67. PD-0325901 showed preliminary clinical activity. The maximum tolerated dose, based on first cycle dose-limiting toxicities, was 15 mg BID continuously. However, 10 and 15 mg BID continuous dosing and 10 mg BID 5 days on/2 days off schedules were associated with delayed development of RVO; thus, further enrollment to this trial was stopped. Intermittent dose scheduling between 2 and 10 mg BID should be explored to identify a recommended dose with long-term PD-0325901 use.
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              A phase II study of PD-0325901, an oral MEK inhibitor, in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

              To evaluate the efficacy of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase kinase inhibitor PD-0325901 in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients who had experienced treatment failure after, or were refractory to, standard systemic therapy. This open-label, phase II study initially evaluated 15 mg PD-0325901 twice daily administered intermittently (3 weeks on/1 week off; schedule A). As this schedule was not well tolerated, a second schedule was introduced as follows: 5 days on/2 days off for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week off (schedule B). The primary end point was objective response. All patients had received prior systemic therapy (median of two regimens, including epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in 26%). Of 13 patients treated on schedule A, three discontinued due to adverse events (blurred vision, fatigue, and hallucinations, respectively). Twenty-one patients received schedule B. Main toxicities included diarrhea, fatigue, rash, vomiting, nausea, and reversible visual disturbances. Hematologic toxicity consisted mainly of mild-to-moderate anemia, without neutropenia. Chemistry abnormalities were rare. Mean (coefficient of variation) PD-0325901 trough plasma concentrations were 100 ng/mL (52%) and 173 ng/mL (73%) for schedules A and B, respectively, above the minimum target concentration established in preclinical studies (16.5 ng/mL). There were no objective responses. Seven patients had stable disease. Median (95% confidence interval) progression-free survival was 1.8 months (1.5-1.9) and overall survival was 7.8 months (4.5-13.9). PD-0325901 did not meet its primary efficacy end point. Future studies should focus on PD-0325901 schedule, rational combination strategies, and enrichment of patient selection based on mode of action.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Retina
                Retina
                Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                0275-004X
                2014
                July 2014
                : 34
                : 7
                : 1261-1280
                Article
                10.1097/IAE.0000000000000242
                24949716
                e3ed5b8d-5812-4ae1-93dd-005e547bd6ea
                © 2014
                History

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