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      Correlation between heart size and emphysema in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: CT-based analysis using inspiratory and expiratory scans

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          Abstract

          The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the extent of emphysema and heart size in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using inspiratory and expiratory chest computed tomography (CT). This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and informed consent was waived. We measured lung volume (LV), low attenuation area percent (%LAA; less than or equal to −950 HU), maximum cardiac area, and maximum transverse cardiac diameter on inspiratory/expiratory chest CT in 60 patients with COPD. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between the heart and lung CT measurements, and the correlations between these measurements and spirometric values. On inspiratory CT, the maximum transverse cardiac diameter was negatively correlated with LV ( ρ = −0.42; p < 0.01) and %LAA ( ρ = −0.43; p < 0.001). Furthermore, on expiratory CT, the maximum cardiac area was negatively correlated with LV ( ρ = −0.35; p < 0.01) and %LAA ( ρ = −0.37; p < 0.01), and there was a negative correlation between transverse cardiac diameter and %LAA ( ρ = −0.34; p < 0.01). Although inspiratory cardiac size was not correlated with any of the spirometric values, the maximum cardiac area and transverse diameter on expiratory scans were significantly correlated with the reduced airflow values on spirometry ( p < 0.01). In patients with COPD, the transverse cardiac diameter decreased as the emphysema progressed. A smaller cardiac area on expiratory CT suggested the presence of large LVs, emphysema, and airflow limitation in COPD.

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          Relationship between peripheral airway dysfunction, airway obstruction, and neutrophilic inflammation in COPD.

          Considerable research has been conducted into the nature of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but the relationship between proximal airways inflammation and both dynamic collapse of the peripheral airways and HRCT determined emphysema severity remains unknown. A number of research tools have been combined to study smokers with a range of COPD severities classified according to the GOLD criteria. Sixty five subjects (11 healthy smokers, 44 smokers with stage 0-IV COPD, and 10 healthy non-smokers) were assessed using lung function testing and HRCT scanning to quantify emphysema and peripheral airway dysfunction and sputum induction to measure airway inflammation. Expiratory HRCT measurements and the expiratory/inspiratory mean lung density ratio (both indicators of peripheral airway dysfunction) correlated more closely in smokers with the severity of airflow obstruction (r = -0.64, p<0.001) than did inspiratory HRCT measurements (which reflect emphysema severity; r = -0.45, p<0.01). Raised sputum neutrophil counts also correlated strongly in smokers with HRCT indicators of peripheral airway dysfunction (r = 0.55, p<0.001) but did not correlate with HRCT indicators of the severity of emphysema. This study suggests that peripheral airway dysfunction, assessed by expiratory HRCT measurements, is a determinant of COPD severity. Airway neutrophilia, a central feature of COPD, is closely associated with the severity of peripheral airway dysfunction in COPD but is not related to the overall severity of emphysema as measured by HRCT.
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            Decreasing cardiac chamber sizes and associated heart dysfunction in COPD: role of hyperinflation.

            Little is known about the role of abnormal lung function in heart size and heart dysfunction in patients with COPD. We studied the relationship of lung function with heart size and heart dysfunction and associated consequences for 6-min walk distance (6MWD) in patients with COPD of different severitites. In 138 patients with COPD (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] I-IV), we measured the size of all cardiac chambers, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (relaxation and filling), and global right ventricular dysfunction (Tei-index) by echocardiography. We also measured lung function (spirometry, body plethysmography, and diffusion capacity) and 6MWD. The size of all cardiac chambers decreased with increasing GOLD stage. Overall, moderate relationships existed between variables of lung function and cardiac chamber sizes. Static hyperinflation (inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio [IC/TLC], functional residual capacity, and residual volume) showed stronger associations with cardiac chamber sizes than airway obstruction or diffusion capacity. IC/TLC correlated best with cardiac chamber sizes and was an independent predictor of cardiac chamber sizes after adjustment for body surface area. Patients with an IC/TLC 0.25. An impaired left ventricular diastolic filling pattern was independently associated with a reduced 6MWD. An increasing rate of COPD severity is associated with a decreasing heart size. Hyperinflation could play an important role regarding heart size and heart dysfunction in patients with COPD.
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              Pulmonary hypertension in COPD: epidemiology, significance, and management: pulmonary vascular disease: the global perspective.

              Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with parenchymal lung diseases is one of the most common forms of PH. Studies in patients with advanced COPD and hypoxemia have shown a very high prevalence of PH; however, prevalence in mild and moderate COPD is not known. Typical hemodynamic abnormalities include mild-to-moderate elevations in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance with a preserved cardiac output. A small proportion ( 35-40 mm Hg) in the presence of mild airflow limitation and are believed to have disproportionate PH. COPD-associated PH has significant clinical implications because it can produce functional limitation and has a negative impact on prognosis. Doppler echocardiography is the best noninvasive test, but noninvasive methods used for diagnosis are prone to error and cannot be relied on when making or refuting the diagnosis of PH. All patients require right-sided heart catheterization if treatment with PH-specific medications is contemplated. The most important steps in managing these patients are: (1) confirm the diagnosis; (2) optimize COPD management; (3) rule out comorbidities; (4) assess and treat hypoxemia; and (5) enroll the patient in pulmonary rehabilitation, if indicated. In patients with PH and advanced airflow limitation, lung transplantation offers the best opportunity for long-term benefit. The role of PH-specific medications remains poorly defined and requires further study but may be considered in patients with disproportionate PH.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Chron Respir Dis
                Chron Respir Dis
                CRD
                spcrd
                Chronic Respiratory Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                1479-9723
                1479-9731
                15 November 2017
                August 2018
                : 15
                : 3
                : 272-278
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
                Author notes
                [*]Hayato Tomita, MD, Department of Radiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture 216-8511, Japan. Email: m04149@ 123456yahoo.co.jp
                Article
                10.1177_1479972317741896
                10.1177/1479972317741896
                6100166
                29141441
                e3f9a844-bade-4568-81b1-082f30d880cf
                © The Author(s) 2017

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 16 June 2017
                : 11 October 2017
                Categories
                Original Papers

                Respiratory medicine
                heart size,copd,inspiratory,expiratory,ct
                Respiratory medicine
                heart size, copd, inspiratory, expiratory, ct

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