19
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Among marginalised groups in India, HIV prevalence is highest among transgender persons; however, little is known about their HIV vulnerability. This study describes transgender sex workers’ experiences of stigma and violence, a key driver of the HIV epidemic, and explores their coping responses. In-depth interviews were conducted with 68 respondents in Maharashtra state, India. Findings show that respondents face pervasive stigma and violence due to multiple marginalised social identities (transgender status, sex work, gender non-conformity), which reinforce and intersect with social inequities (economic and housing insecurity, employment discrimination, poverty), fuelling HIV vulnerability at the micro, meso and macro levels. Several factors, such as felt and internalised stigma associated with psycho-social distress and low self-efficacy to challenge abuse and negotiate condom use; clients’ power in sexual transactions; establishing trust in regular partnerships through condomless sex; norms condoning violence against gender non-conforming persons; lack of community support; police harassment; health provider discrimination and the sex work environment create a context for HIV vulnerability. In the face of such adversity, respondents adopt coping strategies to shift power relations and mobilise against abuse. Community mobilisation interventions, as discussed in the paper, offer a promising vulnerability reduction strategy to safeguard transgender sex workers’ rights and reduce HIV vulnerability.

          Résumé

          Des populations marginalisées en Inde, les personnes transgenres sont celles parmi lesquelles la prévalence du VIH est la plus élevée ; cependant, les connaissances restent limitées sur leur vulnérabilité au VIH. Cette étude décrit les expériences de stigmatisation et de violence vécues par des travailleur(se)s du sexe transgenres, un moteur essentiel de l’épidémie de VIH, et explore leurs stratégies d’adaptation. Des entretiens ont été conduits avec 68 répondant(e)s dans l’État du Maharashtra, en Inde. Les résultats montrent que les répondant(e)s sont confronté(e)s à une stigmatisation et à une violence, omniprésentes en raison de multiples identités sociales marginalisées (statut de transgenre, travail du sexe, non-conformité vis-à-vis du genre), ce qui renforce et recoupe les inégalités sociales (insécurité économique et sur le plan du logement, discrimination à l’embauche, pauvreté) qui elles-mêmes alimentent la vulnérabilité au VIH aux niveaux micro, méso et macro. Plusieurs facteurs, tels le stigma ressenti et intériorisé, associé à la détresse psychosociale et à une faible auto-efficacité dans la résistance aux abus et la négociation du préservatif ; le pouvoir des clients dans les transactions sexuelles ; l’installation de la confiance dans les partenariats réguliers à travers les rapports sexuels sans préservatifs ; les normes qui excusent la violence à l’endroit des personnes ne se conformant pas au genre ; l’absence de soutien communautaire ; le harcèlement de la police ; la discrimination exercée par les prestataires de santé et l’environnement du travail du sexe, créent un contexte pour la vulnérabilité au VIH. Face à une telle adversité, les répondant(e)s adoptent des stratégies d’adaptation pour changer les rapports de force et se mobilisent contre les abus. Les interventions de mobilisation communautaire constituent une stratégie prometteuse de réduction de la vulnérabilité pour protéger les droits des travailleur(se)s du sexe transgenres et diminuer leur vulnérabilité au VIH.

          Resumen

          Entre los grupos marginados de la India, la prevalencia más alta del virus del sida se encuentra entre personas transexuales, sin embargo, se conoce poco su vulnerabilidad con respecto al VIH. En este estudio describimos qué experiencias tienen los transexuales que comercian con el sexo con respecto al estigma y la violencia, que son factores importantes en la epidemia del sida, y analizamos los mecanismos de defensa que utilizan. Para este estudio se llevaron a cabo entrevistas exhaustivas con 68 participantes en el estado de Maharashtra, India. Los resultados indican que los entrevistados se enfrentan a estigma y violencia generalizados debido a las diversas identidades sociales marginadas (estado transexual, trabajo sexual, disconformidad con su sexo) que solapan y refuerzan las desigualdades sociales (inseguridad económica y precariedad de la vivienda, discriminación laboral, pobreza), incentivando la vulnerabilidad al VIH en niveles micro, meso y macro. Existen varios factores que crean un contexto para la vulnerabilidad al VIH, tales como el estigma sentido e interiorizado asociado a angustia psicosocial y un nivel bajo de autoeficacia para enfrentarse al abuso y la negociación del uso de preservativos; el poder de los clientes en las transacciones sexuales; generar confianza en las relaciones regulares mediante las relaciones sexuales sin preservativos; normas que condonan la violencia contra personas no conformes con su sexo; la falta de apoyo comunitario; el acoso policial; la discriminación por parte de profesionales de la salud y el entorno del trabajo sexual. Frente a tal adversidad, los entrevistados utilizan mecanismos de defensa para cambiar las relaciones de poder y movilizarse contra los abusos. Las intervenciones de movilización en la comunidad, tal como se describen en el artículo, suponen una estrategia prometedora para reducir la vulnerabilidad y proteger los derechos de los transexuales que comercian con el sexo, y también para disminuir la vulnerabilidad al VIH.

          Related collections

          Most cited references34

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions.

          Transgender people in the United States experience widespread prejudice, discrimination, violence, and other forms of stigma.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The development of instruments to measure the work disability assessment behaviour of insurance physicians

            Background Variation in assessments is a universal given, and work disability assessments by insurance physicians are no exception. Little is known about the considerations and views of insurance physicians that may partly explain such variation. On the basis of the Attitude - Social norm - self Efficacy (ASE) model, we have developed measurement instruments for assessment behaviour and its determinants. Methods Based on theory and interviews with insurance physicians the questionnaire included blocks of items concerning background variables, intentions, attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy, knowledge, barriers and behaviour of the insurance physicians in relation to work disability assessment issues. The responses of 231 insurance physicians were suitable for further analysis. Factor analysis and reliability analysis were used to form scale variables and homogeneity analysis was used to form dimension variables. Thus, we included 169 of the 177 original items. Results Factor analysis and reliability analysis yielded 29 scales with sufficient reliability. Homogeneity analysis yielded 19 dimensions. Scales and dimensions fitted with the concepts of the ASE model. We slightly modified the ASE model by dividing behaviour into two blocks: behaviour that reflects the assessment process and behaviour that reflects assessment behaviour. The picture that emerged from the descriptive results was of a group of physicians who were motivated in their job and positive about the Dutch social security system in general. However, only half of them had a positive opinion about the Dutch Work and Income (Capacity for Work) Act (WIA). They also reported serious barriers, the most common of which was work pressure. Finally, 73% of the insurance physicians described the majority of their cases as 'difficult'. Conclusions The scales and dimensions developed appear to be valid and offer a promising basis for future research. The results suggest that the underlying ASE model, in modified form, is suitable for describing the assessment behaviour of insurance physicians and the determinants of this behaviour. The next step in this line of research should be to validate the model using structural equation modelling. Finally, the predictive value should be tested in relation to outcome measurements of work disability assessments.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action.

              Internationally, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, triggered at least in part by growing recognition that negative social responses to the epidemic remain pervasive even in seriously affected communities. Yet, rarely are existing notions of stigma and discrimination interrogated for their conceptual adequacy and their usefulness in leading to the design of effective programmes and interventions. Taking as its starting point, the classic formulation of stigma as a 'significantly discrediting' attribute, but moving beyond this to conceptualize stigma and stigmatization as intimately linked to the reproduction of social difference, this paper offers a new framework by which to understand HIV and AIDS-related stigma and its effects. It so doing, it highlights the manner in which stigma feeds upon, strengthens and reproduces existing inequalities of class, race, gender and sexuality. It highlights the limitations of individualistic modes of stigma alleviation and calls instead for new programmatic approaches in which the resistance of stigmatized individuals and communities is utilized as a resource for social change.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cult Health Sex
                Cult Health Sex
                TCHS
                tchs20
                Culture, Health & Sexuality
                Taylor & Francis
                1369-1058
                1464-5351
                2017
                30 January 2017
                : 19
                : 8
                : 903-917
                Affiliations
                HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council , New Delhi, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: dganju@ 123456popcouncil.org
                Article
                1271141
                10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141
                6176758
                28132601
                e41b8a2b-4ba5-4acc-bd9a-5c9f5b21653c
                © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 January 2016
                : 07 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Articles

                Sexual medicine
                transgender sex workers,india,stigma,violence,hiv,community mobilisation
                Sexual medicine
                transgender sex workers, india, stigma, violence, hiv, community mobilisation

                Comments

                Comment on this article