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      Fungicide and Bactericide Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Soils: A Meta-Analysis

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      Journal: Soil Systems
      Publisher: MDPI AG

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          Abstract

          Fungi and bacteria play a central role in the cycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which has been frequently assessed by manipulating their abundance in soil with the application of fungicides and bactericides. We conducted a meta-analysis using 61 publications to investigate whether fungicides and bactericides have distinct effects on soil C- and N- cycling, and how they vary with land type and soil properties. Most fungicides and bactericides had significant negative effects on microbial biomass C and N. However, they had mixed effects on soil respiration, N pools, and transformation processes, varying strongly with the type of fungicide and bactericide. Available NO3− was lightly affected, while N2O emission was reduced by most biocides. The application of fungicides had neutral effects on respiration, NH4+, and ammonification in agro-ecosystems, but positive effects in forests. Effect sizes of available NO3− and nitrification in response to bactericides were sensitive to soil pH and C content. Our results suggest that most fungicides and bactericides inhibit microbial growth, but that they have mixed effects on respiration and N cycling. Biocides need to be carefully evaluated for unintentional side effects before they are used in assessing the role of fungi and bacteria for C- and N- cycling.

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          Contrasting soil pH effects on fungal and bacterial growth suggest functional redundancy in carbon mineralization.

          Johannes Rousk, Philip C. Brookes, Erland Bååth (2009)
          The influence of pH on the relative importance of the two principal decomposer groups in soil, fungi and bacteria, was investigated along a continuous soil pH gradient at Hoosfield acid strip at Rothamsted Research in the United Kingdom. This experimental location provides a uniform pH gradient, ranging from pH 8.3 to 4.0, within 180 m in a silty loam soil on which barley has been continuously grown for more than 100 years. We estimated the importance of fungi and bacteria directly by measuring acetate incorporation into ergosterol to measure fungal growth and leucine and thymidine incorporation to measure bacterial growth. The growth-based measurements revealed a fivefold decrease in bacterial growth and a fivefold increase in fungal growth with lower pH. This resulted in an approximately 30-fold increase in fungal importance, as indicated by the fungal growth/bacterial growth ratio, from pH 8.3 to pH 4.5. In contrast, corresponding effects on biomass markers for fungi (ergosterol and phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] 18:2omega6,9) and bacteria (bacterial PLFAs) showed only a two- to threefold difference in fungal importance in the same pH interval. The shift in fungal and bacterial importance along the pH gradient decreased the total carbon mineralization, measured as basal respiration, by only about one-third, possibly suggesting functional redundancy. Below pH 4.5 there was universal inhibition of all microbial variables, probably derived from increased inhibitory effects due to release of free aluminum or decreasing plant productivity. To investigate decomposer group importance, growth measurements provided significantly increased sensitivity compared with biomass-based measurements.
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            Microbial control over carbon cycling in soil

            Joshua P. Schimel, Sean M. Schaeffer, Jinyun Tang (2012)
            A major thrust of terrestrial microbial ecology is focused on understanding when and how the composition of the microbial community affects the functioning of biogeochemical processes at the ecosystem scale (meters-to-kilometers and days-to-years). While research has demonstrated these linkages for physiologically and phylogenetically “narrow” processes such as trace gas emissions and nitrification, there is less conclusive evidence that microbial community composition influences the “broad” processes of decomposition and organic matter (OM) turnover in soil. In this paper, we consider how soil microbial community structure influences C cycling. We consider the phylogenetic level at which microbes form meaningful guilds, based on overall life history strategies, and suggest that these are associated with deep evolutionary divergences, while much of the species-level diversity probably reflects functional redundancy. We then consider under what conditions it is possible for differences among microbes to affect process dynamics, and argue that while microbial community structure may be important in the rate of OM breakdown in the rhizosphere and in detritus, it is likely not important in the mineral soil. In mineral soil, physical access to occluded or sorbed substrates is the rate-limiting process. Microbial community influences on OM turnover in mineral soils are based on how organisms allocate the C they take up – not only do the fates of the molecules differ, but they can affect the soil system differently as well. For example, extracellular enzymes and extracellular polysaccharides can be key controls on soil structure and function. How microbes allocate C may also be particularly important for understanding the long-term fate of C in soil – is it sequestered or not?
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              Microbial contributions to climate change through carbon cycle feedbacks.

              Richard D Bardgett, Chris Freeman, Nicholas J. Ostle (2008)
              There is considerable interest in understanding the biological mechanisms that regulate carbon exchanges between the land and atmosphere, and how these exchanges respond to climate change. An understanding of soil microbial ecology is central to our ability to assess terrestrial carbon cycle-climate feedbacks, but the complexity of the soil microbial community and the many ways that it can be affected by climate and other global changes hampers our ability to draw firm conclusions on this topic. In this paper, we argue that to understand the potential negative and positive contributions of soil microbes to land-atmosphere carbon exchange and global warming requires explicit consideration of both direct and indirect impacts of climate change on microorganisms. Moreover, we argue that this requires consideration of complex interactions and feedbacks that occur between microbes, plants and their physical environment in the context of climate change, and the influence of other global changes which have the capacity to amplify climate-driven effects on soil microbes. Overall, we emphasize the urgent need for greater understanding of how soil microbial ecology contributes to land-atmosphere carbon exchange in the context of climate change, and identify some challenges for the future. In particular, we highlight the need for a multifactor experimental approach to understand how soil microbes and their activities respond to climate change and consequences for carbon cycle feedbacks.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Soil Systems
                Abbreviated Title: Soil Syst.
                Publisher: MDPI AG
                ISSN (Electronic): 2571-8789
                Publication date Created: June 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): March 27 2019
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 2
                Page: 23
                Article
                DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3020023
                SO-VID: e46a9ff0-aea4-41b6-a0df-2c1174a6bde4
                Copyright © © 2019
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                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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