For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
9
views
203
references
 Top references
cited by
5
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      51
      similar
       All similar

          The flagship journal of the Society for Endocrinology. Learn more

      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The gut–brain axis: regulating energy balance independent of food intake

      review-article
      Author(s): 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: European Journal of Endocrinology
      Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Obesity is a global pandemic with a large health and economic burden worldwide. Bodyweight is regulated by the ability of the CNS, and especially the hypothalamus, to orchestrate the function of peripheral organs that play a key role in metabolism. Gut hormones play a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, as they modulate not only feeding behavior but also energy expenditure and nutrient partitioning. This review examines the recent discoveries about hormones produced in the stomach and gut, which have been reported to regulate food intake and energy expenditure in preclinical models. Some of these hormones act on the hypothalamus to modulate thermogenesis and adiposity in a food intake-independent fashion. Finally, the association of these gut hormones to eating, energy expenditure, and weight loss after bariatric surgery in humans is discussed.

          Related collections

          Most cited references203

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans

          Aaron M. Cypess, Sanaz Lehman, Gethin Williams … (2009)
          Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. In rodents and newborn humans, brown adipose tissue helps regulate energy expenditure by thermogenesis mediated by the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), but brown adipose tissue has been considered to have no physiologic relevance in adult humans. We analyzed 3640 consecutive (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron-emission tomographic and computed tomographic (PET-CT) scans performed for various diagnostic reasons in 1972 patients for the presence of substantial depots of putative brown adipose tissue. Such depots were defined as collections of tissue that were more than 4 mm in diameter, had the density of adipose tissue according to CT, and had maximal standardized uptake values of (18)F-FDG of at least 2.0 g per milliliter, indicating high metabolic activity. Clinical indexes were recorded and compared with those of date-matched controls. Immunostaining for UCP1 was performed on biopsy specimens from the neck and supraclavicular regions in patients undergoing surgery. Substantial depots of brown adipose tissue were identified by PET-CT in a region extending from the anterior neck to the thorax. Tissue from this region had UCP1-immunopositive, multilocular adipocytes indicating brown adipose tissue. Positive scans were seen in 76 of 1013 women (7.5%) and 30 of 959 men (3.1%), corresponding to a female:male ratio greater than 2:1 (P<0.001). Women also had a greater mass of brown adipose tissue and higher (18)F-FDG uptake activity. The probability of the detection of brown adipose tissue was inversely correlated with years of age (P<0.001), outdoor temperature at the time of the scan (P=0.02), beta-blocker use (P<0.001), and among older patients, body-mass index (P=0.007). Defined regions of functionally active brown adipose tissue are present in adult humans, are more frequent in women than in men, and may be quantified noninvasively with the use of (18)F-FDG PET-CT. Most important, the amount of brown adipose tissue is inversely correlated with body-mass index, especially in older people, suggesting a potential role of brown adipose tissue in adult human metabolism. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
          Article 0 comments Cited 645 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

            T.D. Müller, B. Finan, S.R. Bloom … (2019)
            Background The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. Scope of review In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. Major conclusions Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders
            Article 0 comments Cited 644 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human.

              Jun Wu, Pontus Boström, Lauren M. Sparks … (2012)
              Brown fat generates heat via the mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP1, defending against hypothermia and obesity. Recent data suggest that there are two distinct types of brown fat: classical brown fat derived from a myf-5 cellular lineage and UCP1-positive cells that emerge in white fat from a non-myf-5 lineage. Here, we report the isolation of "beige" cells from murine white fat depots. Beige cells resemble white fat cells in having extremely low basal expression of UCP1, but, like classical brown fat, they respond to cyclic AMP stimulation with high UCP1 expression and respiration rates. Beige cells have a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown fat and are preferentially sensitive to the polypeptide hormone irisin. Finally, we provide evidence that previously identified brown fat deposits in adult humans are composed of beige adipocytes. These data provide a foundation for studying this mammalian cell type with therapeutic potential. PAPERCLIP: Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 595 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Endocrinol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Endocrinol
                Journal ID (hwp): EJE
                Title: European Journal of Endocrinology
                Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                ISSN (Print): 0804-4643
                ISSN (Electronic): 1479-683X
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: 01 September 2021
                Volume: 185
                Issue: 3
                Pages: R75-R91
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physiology, CIMUS, USC, CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CiberOBN) , Instituto Salud Carlos III, Galician Agency of Innovation, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to R Nogueiras; Email: ruben.nogueiras@ 123456usc.es
                Article
                Publisher ID: EJE-21-0277
                DOI: 10.1530/EJE-21-0277
                PMC ID: 8345901
                PubMed ID: 34260412
                SO-VID: e477d933-96bb-4185-bcd3-7aaf70e899ce
                Copyright © © The authors
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 18 March 2021
                Date accepted : 14 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                Related Documents Log
                scite_

                Similar content51

                See all similar

                Cited by5

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors2,968

                See all reference authors