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      Patent highlights October–November 2020

      Author(s):   1
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst
      Publisher: Future Science Ltd

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          Abstract

          A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.

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          Most cited references47

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          Human islets contain four distinct subtypes of β cells

          Craig Dorrell, Jonathan Schug, Pamela S Canaday … (2016)
          Human pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain five distinct endocrine cell types, each producing a characteristic hormone. The dysfunction or loss of the insulin-producing β cells causes diabetes mellitus, a disease that harms millions. Until now, β cells were generally regarded as a single, homogenous cell population. Here we identify four antigenically distinct subtypes of human β cells, which we refer to as β1–4, and which are distinguished by differential expression of ST8SIA1 and CD9. These subpopulations are always present in normal adult islets and have diverse gene expression profiles and distinct basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Importantly, the β cell subtype distribution is profoundly altered in type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that this antigenically defined β cell heterogeneity is functionally and likely medically relevant.
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            Acid sphingomyelinase-ceramide system mediates effects of antidepressant drugs.

            Erich Gulbins, Monica Palmada, Martin Reichel … (2013)
            Major depression is a highly prevalent severe mood disorder that is treated with antidepressants. The molecular targets of antidepressants require definition. We investigated the role of the acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)-ceramide system as a target for antidepressants. Therapeutic concentrations of the antidepressants amitriptyline and fluoxetine reduced Asm activity and ceramide concentrations in the hippocampus, increased neuronal proliferation, maturation and survival and improved behavior in mouse models of stress-induced depression. Genetic Asm deficiency abrogated these effects. Mice overexpressing Asm, heterozygous for acid ceramidase, treated with blockers of ceramide metabolism or directly injected with C16 ceramide in the hippocampus had higher ceramide concentrations and lower rates of neuronal proliferation, maturation and survival compared with controls and showed depression-like behavior even in the absence of stress. The decrease of ceramide abundance achieved by antidepressant-mediated inhibition of Asm normalized these effects. Lowering ceramide abundance may thus be a central goal for the future development of antidepressants.
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              Synthesis, characterization, and bioconjugation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters toward biological labeling applications.

              Chin Lin, Tsung-Hsien Lee, Ting-Ting Yang … (2009)
              Synthesis of ultrasmall water-soluble fluorescent gold nanoclusters is reported. The clusters have a decent quantum yield, high colloidal stability, and can be readily conjugated with biological molecules. Specific staining of cells and nonspecific uptake by living cells is demonstrated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hermann AM Mucke: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Title: Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst
                Abbreviated Title: Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst
                Publisher: Future Science Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 2046-8954
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-8962
                Publication date Created: March 2021
                Publication date (Print): March 2021
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 51-58
                Affiliations
                [1 ]H.M. Pharma Consultancy, A-1160, Wien, Austria
                Article
                DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2021-0003
                SO-VID: e47a7668-c701-4a15-ae5f-73a481a1066c
                Copyright © © 2021
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