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      Late Presentation of Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection in an Immunocompetent Male: a Case Report

      , , , ,
      Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine
      Dougmar Publishing Group, Inc.

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          Abstract

          Intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a cornerstone of adjuvant treatment for low-grade urothelial carcinoma. Complications from administration are relatively rare and generally evident within one month. Systemic BCG infections are typically diagnosed within 14 days post BCG administration; however, cases have been reported of infections being diagnosed as late as 17 years after treatment. Here, we describe the unusual case of a 55-year-old immunocompetent male who was diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection 3 years after initial adjuvant treatment for urothelial carcinoma. Résumé L'administration intravésicale de Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) est la pierre angulaire du traitement adjuvant du carcinome urothéliales de faible teneur. Les complications de l'administration sont relativement rares et généralement évidentes dans un délai d'un mois. Les infections systémiques du BCG sont généralement diagnostiquées dans les 14 jours après l'administration du BCG; Toutefois, des cas ont été signalés d'infections diagnostiquées aussi tard que 17 ans après le traitement. Ici, nous décrivons le cas inhabituel d'un mâle immunocompétents de 55 ans qui a été diagnostiqué avec une infection de BCG disséminée 3 ans après le traitement adjuvant initial pour le carcinome urothéliales.    

          Most cited references4

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          Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer.

          Intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has proved to be more effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of superficial bladder tumors and carcinoma in situ than most chemotherapeutic agents. Compared to intravesical chemotherapy, instillations with BCG provoke more local and systemic reactions. In addition to the commonly induced granulomatous inflammatory changes in the bladder, which produce irritative symptoms, this therapy may cause systemic side effects varying from mild malaise and fever to, in rare instances, life-threatening or fatal sepsis. We report the incidence and varieties of toxicities in 2,602 patients treated with intravesical BCG. Side effects are classified according to local and systemic toxicity. Treatment options vary according to the severity of toxicity from delaying or withholding instillations to treatment with antituberculous drugs for up to 6 months. In general, 95% of the patients have no serious side effects. Recognition of risk factors, particularly traumatic catheterization or concurrent cystitis, that result in systemic BCG absorption, as well as the prompt and appropriate treatment of early side effects should significantly decrease the incidence of severe toxicity.
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            Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Infection Following Intravesical BCG Administration as Adjunctive Therapy For Bladder Cancer

            Abstract Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most effective intravesical immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. Although generally well tolerated, BCG-related infectious complications may occur following instillation. Much of the current knowledge about this complication comes from single case reports, with heterogeneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and no investigation on risk factors for its occurrence. We retrospectively analyzed 256 patients treated with intravesical BCG in our institution during a 6-year period, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months after the last instillation. We also conducted a comprehensive review and pooled analysis of additional cases reported in the literature since 1975. Eleven patients (4.3%) developed systemic BCG infection in our institution, with miliary tuberculosis as the most common form (6 cases). A 3-drug antituberculosis regimen was initiated in all but 1 patient, with a favorable outcome in 9/10 cases. There were no significant differences in the mean number of transurethral resections prior to the first instillation, the time interval between both procedures, the overall mean number of instillations, or the presence of underlying immunosuppression between patients with or without BCG infection. We included 282 patients in the pooled analysis (271 from the literature and 11 from our institution). Disseminated (34.4%), genitourinary (23.4%), and osteomuscular (19.9%) infections were the most common presentations of disease. Specimens for microbiologic diagnosis were obtained in 87.2% of cases, and the diagnostic performances for acid-fast staining, conventional culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays were 25.3%, 40.9%, and 41.8%, respectively. Most patients (82.5%) received antituberculosis therapy for a median of 6.0 (interquartile range: 4.0–9.0) months. Patients with disseminated infection more commonly received antituberculosis therapy and adjuvant corticosteroids, whereas those with reactive arthritis were frequently treated only with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Attributable mortality was higher for patients aged ≥65 years (7.4% vs 2.1%; p  = 0.091) and those with disseminated infection (9.9% vs 3.0%; p = 0.040) and vascular involvement (16.7% vs 4.6%; p = 0.064). The scheduled BCG regimen was resumed in only 2 of 36 patients with available data (5.6%), with an uneventful outcome. In the absence of an apparent predictor of the development of disseminated BCG infection after intravesical therapy, and considering the protean variety of clinical manifestations, it is essential to keep a high index of suspicion to initiate adequate therapy promptly and to evaluate carefully the risk-benefit balance of resuming intravesical BCG immunotherapy.
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              Spectrum of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection after intravesical BCG immunotherapy.

              Intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) effectively treats transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Occasionally, BCG infection complicates such treatment. In some patients, infection appears early (within 3 months after instillation) and is characterized by generalized symptoms, with pneumonitis and hepatitis. Late-presentation disease occurs >1 year after the first BCG treatment and usually involves focal infection of the genitourinary tract (the site at which bacteria were introduced) and/or other sites that are typical for reactivation of mycobacterial disease, such as the vertebral spine or the retroperitoneal tissues. Noncaseating granulomas are found in the majority of cases, whether early or late. Most patients respond to treatment with antituberculous drugs; in early-presentation disease, when features of hypersensitivity predominate, glucocorticosteroids are sometimes added. Late localized infection often requires surgical resection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine
                Can Journ Gen Int Med
                Dougmar Publishing Group, Inc.
                2369-1778
                1911-1606
                March 05 2018
                March 05 2018
                : 13
                : 1
                Article
                10.22374/cjgim.v13i1.214
                e48cc762-7809-418c-8e68-b2bf6cb908e6
                © 2018

                Copyright of articles published in all DPG titles is retained by the author. The author grants DPG the rights to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. The author grants DPG exclusive commercial rights to the article. The author grants any non-commercial third party the rights to use the article freely provided original author(s) and citation details are cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History

                General medicine,Geriatric medicine,Neurology,Internal medicine
                General medicine, Geriatric medicine, Neurology, Internal medicine

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