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      Yield components and reproductive, physiological, and root traits used in early selection for nitrogen use efficiency in corn Translated title: Componentes de produção e caracteres reprodutivos, fisiológicos e de raiz usados na seleção precoce para eficiência do uso de nitrogênio em milho

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The objective of this work was to examine the possibility of using yield components and reproductive, physiological, and root traits in early selection for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn. Sixty-four inbred lines were evaluated under two nitrogen fertilization levels: ideal and low. The evaluations were performed at three phenological stages: eight fully-expanded leaves, tasseling stage, and physiological maturity. It is possible to select superior lines for NUE, but the yield components did not show differential behavior under the different nitrogen levels evaluated. Root, reproductive, and physiological traits are not promising for early selection of corn lines with high NUE. Likewise, the eight-leaves and tasseling stages were not promising for this purpose, since NUE should be estimated taking grain yield into account. However, indirect selection for NUE can be performed via number of ears or using the selection index considering number and weight of ears.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar a possibilidade de usar componentes de produção e caracteres reprodutivos, fisiológicos e de raiz na seleção precoce para eficiência de uso de nitrogênio (EUN) em milho. Foram avaliadas 64 linhagens em dois regimes de adubação nitrogenada: ideal e baixo. As avaliações foram feitas em três estádios fenológicos: oito folhas completamente expandidas, florescimento masculino e maturação fisiológica. É possível selecionar linhagens superiores quanto à EUN, mas os componentes de produção não tiveram comportamento diferencial sob os diferentes níveis de nitrogênio avaliados. Os caracteres radiculares, reprodutivos e fisiológicos não se mostraram confiáveis para seleção precoce de linhagens de milho com elevada EUN. De forma semelhante, os estádios de oito folhas e de florescimento masculino não se mostraram promissores para esse propósito, uma vez que, para a estimação da EUN, deve-se levar em consideração a produção de grãos. Entretanto, a seleção indireta para EUN pode ser feita via número de espigas ou com o uso de índice de seleção que considere número e peso de espigas.

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          Steep, cheap and deep: an ideotype to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems.

          A hypothetical ideotype is presented to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems. The overall premise is that soil resource acquisition is optimized by the coincidence of root foraging and resource availability in time and space. Since water and nitrate enter deeper soil strata over time and are initially depleted in surface soil strata, root systems with rapid exploitation of deep soil would optimize water and N capture in most maize production environments. • THE IDEOTYPE: Specific phenes that may contribute to rooting depth in maize include (a) a large diameter primary root with few but long laterals and tolerance of cold soil temperatures, (b) many seminal roots with shallow growth angles, small diameter, many laterals, and long root hairs, or as an alternative, an intermediate number of seminal roots with steep growth angles, large diameter, and few laterals coupled with abundant lateral branching of the initial crown roots, (c) an intermediate number of crown roots with steep growth angles, and few but long laterals, (d) one whorl of brace roots of high occupancy, having a growth angle that is slightly shallower than the growth angle for crown roots, with few but long laterals, (e) low cortical respiratory burden created by abundant cortical aerenchyma, large cortical cell size, an optimal number of cells per cortical file, and accelerated cortical senescence, (f) unresponsiveness of lateral branching to localized resource availability, and (g) low K(m) and high Vmax for nitrate uptake. Some elements of this ideotype have experimental support, others are hypothetical. Despite differences in N distribution between low-input and commercial maize production, this ideotype is applicable to low-input systems because of the importance of deep rooting for water acquisition. Many features of this ideotype are relevant to other cereal root systems and more generally to root systems of dicotyledonous crops.
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              Root based approaches to improving nitrogen use efficiency in plants.

              In the majority of agricultural growing regions, crop production is highly dependent on the supply of exogenous nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Traditionally, this dependency and the use of N-fertilizers to restore N depleted soils has been rewarded with increased plant health and yields. In recent years, increased competition for non-renewable fossil fuel reserves has directly elevated prices of N-fertilizers and the cost of agricultural production worldwide. Furthermore, N-fertilizer based pollution is becoming a serious issue for many regions where agriculture is highly concentrated. To help minimize the N footprint associated with agricultural production there is significant interest at the plant level to develop technologies which can allow economically viable production while using less applied N. To complement recent reviews examining N utilization efficiency in agricultural plants, this review will explore those strategies operating specifically at the root level, which may directly contribute to improved N use efficiencies in agricultural crops such as cereals, where the majority of N-fertilizers are used and lost to the environment. Root specific phenotypes that will be addressed in the context of improvements to N acquisition and assimilation efficiencies include: root morphology; root to shoot ratios; root vigour, root length density; and root N transport and metabolism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pab
                Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
                Pesq. agropec. bras.
                Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0100-204X
                1678-3921
                May 2018
                : 53
                : 5
                : 620-632
                Affiliations
                [2] Piracicaba orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz orgdiv2Departamento de Genética Brazil massaine@ 123456usp.br
                [1] Viçosa Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Viçosa orgdiv1Departamento de Biologia Geral Brazil pedro.morais@ 123456ufv.br
                Article
                S0100-204X2018000500620
                10.1590/s0100-204x2018000500011
                e48eb42a-d406-4bdc-b682-83decdc39b2e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 August 2017
                : 05 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                abiotic stress,GBlup,indirect selection,path analysis,selection index,Zea mays,estresse abiótico,seleção indireta,análise de trilha,índice de seleção

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