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      Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from Groupers ( Mycteroperca spp., Epinephelidae) in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, with Special Reference to the ‘Beverleyburtonae Group’ and Description of Two New Species

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          Abstract

          Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 is a species-rich diplectanid genus, mainly restricted to the gills of groupers (Epinephelidae) and especially abundant in warm seas. Species from the Mediterranean are not fully documented. Two new and two previously known species from the gills of Mycteroperca spp. ( M. costae, M. rubra, and M. marginata) in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic Ocean are described here from new material and slides kept in collections. Identifications of newly collected fish were ascertained by barcoding of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 and P. sosia Neifar & Euzet 2007 are redescribed from type-specimens and new specimens collected off Tunisia and Libya from M. marginata and M. costae, respectively. Pseudorhabdosynochus oliveri n. sp., from M. marginata (type-host) off the Mediterranean coast of France (type-locality), is described from specimens found among voucher specimens of P. beverleyburtonae deposited by Guy Oliver in the collection of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Pseudorhabdosynochus oliveri is distinguished by the shape of its sclerotised vagina; it was not found in the other localities investigated. Pseudorhabdosynochus hayet n. sp. is described from M. rubra (type host) off Senegal (type-locality) and Tunisia. Pseudorhabdosynochus hayet is morphologically similar to P. sosia (type-host: M. costae) but was distinguished by differences in measurements of the vagina and male copulatory organ, different host, and divergent COI sequences. The four species ( P. beverleyburtonae, P. sosia, P. oliveri, and P. hayet) share common characteristics such as squamodiscs with 2 innermost circular rows of rodlets and a similar general structure of the sclerotised vagina; we propose to group them into a ‘beverleyburtonae group’ within Pseudorhabdosynochus.

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          Parasite speciation within or between host species?--phylogenetic evidence from site-specific polystome monogeneans.

          Partial nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences (953 and 385 nucleotides, respectively) of one fish monogenean (outgroup) and six polystome monogeneans (four Polystomoides spp. from the oral cavities and urinary bladders of freshwater turtles in Australia and Malaya, two Neopolystoma spp. from the urinary bladder and conjunctival sac of a freshwater turtle in Australia) were used to examine the question of whether congeneric species infecting different sites in the same host species have speciated in that host by adapting to different sites, or whether species infecting a particular site in one host have given rise to species infecting the same site in different hosts. Results show unequivocally that congeneric species infecting the same site, even of host species belonging to different suborders and occurring on different continents, are more closely related than congeneric species infecting different sites of the same host species. This is interpreted as meaning that speciation has not occurred in one host. Morphological evolution of polystomes has been very slow: few differences between species and even genera have evolved over a period of at least 150 Myr, and this is matched by low substitution rates of nucleotides, and the ambiguous position of species of different genera, depending on whether COI or 28S rDNA sequences are used.
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            Problematic barcoding in flatworms: A case-study on monogeneans and rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes)

            Abstract Some taxonomic groups are less amenable to mitochondrial DNA barcoding than others. Due to the paucity of molecular information of understudied groups and the huge molecular diversity within flatworms, primer design has been hampered. Indeed, all attempts to develop universal flatworm-specific COI markers have failed so far. We demonstrate how high molecular variability and contamination problems limit the possibilities for barcoding using standard COI-based protocols in flatworms. As a consequence, molecular identification methods often rely on other widely applicable markers. In the case of Monogenea, a very diverse group of platyhelminth parasites, and Rhabdocoela, representing one-fourth of all free-living flatworm taxa, this has led to a relatively high availability of nuclear ITS and 18S/28S rDNA sequences on GenBank. In a comparison of the effectiveness in species assignment we conclude that mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal markers perform equally well. In case intraspecific information is needed, rDNA sequences can guide the selection of the appropriate (i.e. taxon-specific) COI primers if available.
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              An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish.

              Abstract: Over a 7-year period, parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in the waters off New Caledonia. Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 337 host-parasite combinations, including 146 parasite identifications at the species level. Results are included for isopods (5 species), copepods (19), monogeneans (56), digeneans (28), cestodes (12), and nematodes (12). When results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level, 109 host-parasite combinations were recorded, with 63 different species, of which monogeneans account for half (32 species), and an average of 4.5 parasite species per fish species. Digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of Cribb et al. (2002); based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level, New Caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations. We hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity, and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per serranid. A comparison with a study on Heron Island (Queensland, Australia) by Lester and Sewell (1989) was attempted: of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host-parasite combinations, only six parasites identified at the species level were shared. This suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons. Probably only 3% of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in New Caledonia.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                17 August 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 8
                : e0159886
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
                [2 ]UMS 2700 Service de Systématique moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
                [3 ]ISYEB, Institut Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR7205 (CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
                Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale - Institut Cochin, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: AC LN DG JLJ. Performed the experiments: AC LN DG JLJ. Analyzed the data: AC LN DG JLJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AC LN DG JLJ. Wrote the paper: AC LN DG JLJ. Made the drawings: AC JLJ. Obtained sequences: DG. Performed phylogenetic analysis: AC JLJ.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-4113
                Article
                PONE-D-16-17068
                10.1371/journal.pone.0159886
                4988817
                27532108
                e49b42c9-08de-47cd-9c20-a17f0470a7cb
                © 2016 Chaabane et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 April 2016
                : 8 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 4, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003388, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères;
                Award ID: BIOPARMED - ENVI-MED
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
                Award ID: ATM Barcode
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007522, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle;
                Award ID: PARSUDMED
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, France: grant BIOPARMED-ENVIMED, http://www.mistrals-home.org/spip.php?rubrique82; and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France: Grant ATM Barcode, Grant PARSUDMED, https://www.mnhn.fr/fr. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Reproductive System
                Genital Anatomy
                Vagina
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                Anatomy
                Reproductive System
                Genital Anatomy
                Vagina
                Earth sciences
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