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      Inappropriate laboratory testing requests: perspectives of clinical laboratory professionals

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Laboratory examinations constitute a major factor in achieving the correct clinical diagnosis for patients. However, the ordering of unnecessary or inappropriate laboratory testing remains common, with consequent consumption of laboratory resources whether human or material. The present work evaluated the level of satisfaction of laboratory practitioners toward the appropriateness of laboratory tests ordered by physicians. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a total of 256 medical laboratory practitioners representing different qualifications and health care sectors, who answered several questions concerning their knowledge and attitudes toward inappropriate laboratory testing ordered by physicians. Results: More than 85% of respondents agreed with the definition provided in the survey, which is substantially consistent with prior studies. More than 90% affirmed the associated drain on time and resources. However, discrepant responses were received concerning physician awareness of test availability, and participants reported laboratory staff arguments with physicians due to orders for unnecessary tests. Data showed that unnecessary orders were mainly requested by physicians of less experience. Conclusions: Ultimately, dissatisfaction was manifest among clinical laboratory professionals, and educational interventions are required to moderate request behaviors.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Los exámenes de laboratorio constituyen un factor importante para lograr el diagnóstico clínico correcto de los pacientes. Sin embargo, el pedido de pruebas de laboratorio innecesarias o inapropiadas sigue siendo común, con el consiguiente consumo de recursos de laboratorio, ya sean humanos o materiales. El presente trabajo evaluó el nivel de satisfacción de los profesionales de laboratorio con respecto a la idoneidad de las pruebas de laboratorio ordenadas por los médicos. Métodos: Este estudio transversal involucró a un total de 256 médicos de laboratorio de diferentes calificaciones y sectores de atención de la salud, quienes respondieron varias preguntas sobre sus conocimientos y actitudes hacia las pruebas de laboratorio inapropiadas ordenadas por los médicos. Resultados: Más del 85% de los encuestados estuvo de acuerdo con la definición proporcionada en la encuesta, que es sustancialmente consistente con estudios anteriores. Más del 90% afirmó la pérdida asociada de tiempo y recursos. Sin embargo, se recibieron respuestas discrepantes con respecto al conocimiento de los médicos sobre la disponibilidad de las pruebas, y los participantes informaron sobre las discusiones del personal del laboratorio con los médicos debido a las órdenes de pruebas innecesarias. Los datos mostraron que los pedidos innecesarios fueron solicitados principalmente por médicos con menos experiencia. Conclusiones: En última instancia, la insatisfacción se manifestó entre los profesionales del laboratorio clínico y se requieren intervenciones educativas para moderar las conductas de solicitud.

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          'Choosing Wisely': a growing international campaign.

          Much attention has been paid to the inappropriate underuse of tests and treatments but until recently little attention has focused on the overuse that does not add value for patients and may even cause harm. Choosing Wisely is a campaign to engage physicians and patients in conversations about unnecessary tests, treatments and procedures. The campaign began in the United States in 2012, in Canada in 2014 and now many countries around the world are adapting the campaign and implementing it. This article describes the present status of Choosing Wisely programs in 12 countries. It articulates key elements, a set of five principles, and describes the challenges countries face in the early phases of Choosing Wisely. These countries plan to continue collaboration including developing metrics to measure overuse.
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            The Landscape of Inappropriate Laboratory Testing: A 15-Year Meta-Analysis

            Background Laboratory testing is the single highest-volume medical activity and drives clinical decision-making across medicine. However, the overall landscape of inappropriate testing, which is thought to be dominated by repeat testing, is unclear. Systematic differences in initial vs. repeat testing, measurement criteria, and other factors would suggest new priorities for improving laboratory testing. Methods A multi-database systematic review was performed on published studies from 1997–2012 using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Over- vs. underutilization, initial vs. repeat testing, low- vs. high-volume testing, subjective vs. objective appropriateness criteria, and restrictive vs. permissive appropriateness criteria, among other factors, were assessed. Results Overall mean rates of over- and underutilization were 20.6% (95% CI 16.2–24.9%) and 44.8% (95% CI 33.8–55.8%). Overutilization during initial testing (43.9%; 95% CI 35.4–52.5%) was six times higher than during repeat testing (7.4%; 95% CI 2.5–12.3%; P for stratum difference <0.001). Overutilization of low-volume tests (32.2%; 95% CI 25.0–39.4%) was three times that of high-volume tests (10.2%; 95% CI 2.6–17.7%; P<0.001). Overutilization measured according to restrictive criteria (44.2%; 95% CI 36.8–51.6%) was three times higher than for permissive criteria (12.0%; 95% CI 8.0–16.0%; P<0.001). Overutilization measured using subjective criteria (29.0%; 95% CI 21.9–36.1%) was nearly twice as high as for objective criteria (16.1%; 95% CI 11.0–21.2%; P = 0.004). Together, these factors explained over half (54%) of the overall variability in overutilization. There were no statistically significant differences between studies from the United States vs. elsewhere (P = 0.38) or among chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and molecular tests (P = 0.05–0.65) and no robust statistically significant trends over time. Conclusions The landscape of overutilization varies systematically by clinical setting (initial vs. repeat), test volume, and measurement criteria. Underutilization is also widespread, but understudied. Expanding the current focus on reducing repeat testing to include ordering the right test during initial evaluation may lead to fewer errors and better care.
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              Factors contributing to inappropriate ordering of tests in an academic medical department and the effect of an educational feedback strategy.

              To identify factors contributing to laboratory overutilisation in an academic medical department, and to assess the effect of an educational feedback strategy on inappropriate test-ordering behaviour. The records of 426 patients admitted during a 6-month period were reviewed. The usefulness of 25 investigations (haematology, basic biochemistry and arterial blood gases) was assessed according to implicit criteria. Trainees' acquaintance with investigation costs was assessed via a multiple-choice questionnaire. The medical staff was informed about their test-ordering behaviour, cost awareness and the factors associated with overuse of diagnostic tests. The test-ordering behaviour of the same doctors was reassessed on 214 patients managed during 6 months after the intervention. Overall, 24 482 laboratory tests were ordered before the intervention (mean 2.96 tests/patient/day). Among those, 67.9% were not considered to have contributed towards management of patients (mean avoidable 2.01 tests/patient/day). Patient age >/=65 years, hospitalisation beyond 7 days and increased case difficulty (death or inability to establish a diagnosis) were factors independently associated with overuse of laboratory tests. Senior trainees ordered more laboratory examinations, but the percentage of avoidable tests requested by junior trainees was higher. A moderate and disparate level of trainees' awareness about the cost of common laboratory examinations was disclosed. The avoidable tests/patient/day were significantly decreased after the intervention (mean 1.58, p = 0.002), but containment of unnecessary ordering of tests gradually waned during the semester after the intervention. Repeated audit, continuous education and alertness of doctors, on the basis of assessment of factors contributing to laboratory overutilisation, result in restraining the redundant ordering of tests in the hospital setting.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijm
                Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine
                Iberoam J Med
                Hospital San Pedro (Logroño, La Rioja, Spain )
                2695-5075
                2695-5075
                2021
                : 3
                : 3
                : 249-256
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameKing Khalid University orgdiv1Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences orgdiv2Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences Arabia Saudita
                Article
                S2695-50752021000300011 S2695-5075(21)00300300011
                10.5281/zenodo.5040646
                e4c315f5-3330-466d-9f84-7f8035d95d79

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 June 2021
                : 18 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Médicos,Profesionales clínicos de laboratorio,Test de laboratorio inapropiados,Physicians,Clinical laboratory professionals,Inappropriate laboratory testing

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